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What are the aims of custodial sentencing?
Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and protection of the public
What is retribution in custodial sentencing?
Punishing the offender to reflect the seriousness of the crime
What is deterrence in custodial sentencing?
Discouraging the offender and others from committing crime through fear of punishment
What is rehabilitation in custodial sentencing?
Reforming offenders so they can re-enter society as law-abiding citizens
What is meant by recidivism?
The tendency for a convicted criminal to reoffend
Why is recidivism a problem for custodial sentencing?
High reoffending rates suggest prisons may not effectively rehabilitate offenders
What are psychological effects of custodial sentencing?
Institutionalisation, prisonisation, stress, depression, and increased criminal identity
What is behaviour modification in custody?
Using operant conditioning (token economy systems) to reinforce desirable behaviour in prison
How does a token economy work in prisons?
Inmates earn tokens (secondary reinforcers) for good behaviour which can be exchanged for privileges (primary reinforcers) e.g. phone calls or snacks
What is one strength of behaviour modification in custody?
It is based on learning theory and can effectively manage behaviour short-term
What is one limitation of behaviour modification in custody?
Behaviour may not generalise outside prison
What is anger management as a treatment for offending?
A cognitive-behavioural programme that teaches offenders to control anger and aggression
What are the three stages of anger management?
Cognitive preparation, skill acquisition, and application practice
Why is anger management considered effective?
It addresses cognitive and behavioural aspects and can reduce recidivism
What is restorative justice?
A programme bringing offenders and victims together to repair harm and encourage accountability
What is a key benefit of restorative justice programmes?
Reduced recidivism and increased victim satisfaction compared to custodial sentencing
What is a limitation of restorative justice?
It may not be suitable for all crimes or offenders