Pharma PRELIMS

l

Sir William Osler

Father of modern medicine

Aureolus Paracelsus

Emphasized the importance of dosing in distinguishing between TOXICITY and TREATMENT

Felice Fontana

active principle

Frederick Sertürner

extracted the alkaloid morphine from opium/ Observed both hypnotic and analgesic properties

Francois Magendie

Pioneer of experimental physiology/ Laying groundwork for understanding nerve functions

Claude Bernard

sed pharmacologic agents as probes in the study of physiologic processes (hemostasis, digestion (liver/pancreas), nervous system functions.

Rudolf Buchheim

organized the first laboratory exclusively devoted to pharmacology

Oswald Schmiedeberg

founded the first scientific journal of pharmacology

Oswald Schmiedeberg

Father of modern pharmacology

John J. Abel

father of American pharmacology / crystallization of insulin

Pharmacology

science of drugs and how they affect living systems

Pharmakon

the Greek word for drug or medicine

Logia

the Latin suffix traditionally used to designate a body of knowledge and its study

Pharmacotherapeutics

proper selection of an agent whose biologic effect on a living organism

Pharmacy

involves the preparation and dispensing of medicines.

Toxicology

undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems.

Drugs

chemicals that alter functions of living organisms

PharmacoDYnamics

actions of the drug on the body

Pharmacokinetics

effects of the body on drugs,

Azole

antifungal or antibacterial

Caine

LAA

Coxib

COX-2 Inhibitor

Dipine

CA++ channel blocker

Ilol or alol or olol

beta adrenergic receptor blocker

Mab

monoclonal antibody

Onium or urium

muscle relaxant

Osin

alpha adrenergic receptor blocker

Pam or lam

antianxiety or sedative

Pril or prilat

ACE

Sartan

angiotensin II receptor

Statin

serotonin agonist

Vir

antiviral

Agonist

activation of the receptor

Antagonist

results in inhibition

Receptors

molecular components of the body with which drugs interact to bring about their effects

Efficacy

greatest effect (Emax) an agonist can produce

Potency

amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.

Median effective (ED50)

Produces a quantal effect (all or nothing) in 50% of the population

Median toxic (TD50)

toxic effect in 50% of the individuals tested

therapeutic index

represents an estimate of the safety of a drug,

therapeutic window

describes the dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose, and the minimum toxic concentration or dose.

Volume of distribution

ratio of the amount of drug in the body to the drug concentration in the plasma or blood

Clearance

ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug

Half-life

time required for the amount of drug in the body or blood to fall by 50%

Bioavailability

fraction (or percentage) of the administered dose of drug that reaches the systemic circulation

First-pass effect

elimination of drug that occurs after administration but before it enters them systemic circulation

Maintenance doses

Given to maintain the plasma concentration within a specified range over long periods of therapy

Loading dose

Given to achieve the target plasma level rapidly

Specificity

Ability of a receptor to recognize and bind to only one type of messenger

Selectivity of response

Degree to which a ligand or drug acts in a given receptor relative to other receptors

EFFECTORS

translate the drug-receptor interaction into a change in cellular activity

dissociation constant (Kd)

the concentration of drug that binds 50% of the receptor in the system

Full agonists

Agonists that produce ceiling effects

Partial agonists

drugs whose maximal effects are less than those of full agonists

First-pass effect

• elimination of drug that occurs after administration but before it enters them systemic circulation (eg, during passage through the gut wall, portal circulation, or liver for an orally administered drug)

Oxygen

colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. used in the production of synthesis gas from coal, for resuscitation and as an inhalant.

Nasal cannula

oxygen mixes with room air in the nasopharynx before entering the lungs, increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen (F102)

Facemask

• covers nose and mouth, allows room air to mix with oxygen

• used for short-term, low-flow therapy

• can be placed over nasal cannulas to improve saturation and comfort for hypoxemic patients

02 hood

• transparent cylinder or box around baby's head and neck

• oxygen enters through a port, warmed and humidified and leaves through the neck opening

Positive Pressure Ventilation machine

• forces air in during inspiration, allowing passive exhalation, crucial for respiratory failure

EPINEPHRINE

most important injectable drug in the dental emergency kit.

EPINEPHRINE

treatment of acute asthmatic attacks

NITROGLYCERIN

It is the treatment of choice for acute angina pectoris.

BRONCHODILATOR

results in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and the inhibition of chemical mediators released during hypersensitivity reactions

GLUCOSE

Used to treat hypoglycemia that results either from fasting or insulin/carbohydrate imbalance in a patient with diabetes mellitus.

ASPIRIN

decrease myocardial ischemia dramatically when administered to patients during an evolving myocardial infarction

diazepam

anticonvulsant drug

CORTICOSTEROID

definitive management of acute allergic reactions and acute adrenal insufficiency

ANTIHISTAMINE

are useful in the treatment of minor or delayed allergic reactions and as adjuncts in the management of an acute allergic or anaphylactoid reaction.

Drug abuse

Aromatic ammonia

is a pungent, noxious irritant to the mucous membranes and stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the medulla.

Flunitrazepam

a potent rapid onset benzodiazepine with marked amnestic properties, has been used in “date rape. ”

Heroin

effects described by abusers as a “rush ” or orgasmic feeling followed by euphoria and then sedation.

Buprenorphine

also used to suppress withdrawal symptoms and as substitution therapy for opioid addicts.

Rimonabant

an agonist at cannabinoid receptors, approved for use in obesity, is also used off label in smoking cessation

Dronabinol

a controlled-substance formulation of THC) is used to combat severe nausea.

Rimonabant

an agonist at cannabinoid receptors, is approved for use in the treatment of obesity

Ginseng

are derived from plants of the genus Panax, which contain multiple triterpenoid saponin glycosides

Milk Thistle

derived from the fruit and seeds of Silybum marianum, which contain flavonolignans such as silymarin.

St. John’s wort

made from dried flowers of Hypericum perforatum, which contains the active constituents hypericin and hyperforin.

Saw Palmetto

derived from the berries of Serenoa repens or Sabal serrulata

Saw Palmetto

In vitro studies have shown inhibition of 5α-reductase and antagonistic effects at androgen receptors.

Coenzyme Q10

a benzoquinone that serves as a cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

ubiquinone

other name for coenzyme Q10

Glucosamine

amino sugar that serves as the precursor of nitrogen-containing sugars, including the glycosaminoglycans