Immunology Exam 4 Study guide

Type I Hypersensitivity

Involves mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and activation of mast cells and basophils via IgE-FceR1 receptors.

Type II Hypersensitivity

Involves cell-bound antigens, IgG and IgM, leading to cell damage through C' activation, opsonization, and phagocytosis.

Type III Hypersensitivity

Involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, activating C', and causing inflammatory responses in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Mediated by Th1 cells and cytotoxic T-cells, leading to tissue damage upon antigen exposure, seen in contact dermatitis and TB skin testing.

Graves Disease

Autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, characterized by TRAbs, anti-Tg, anti-TPO antibodies, and symptoms like weight loss and rapid heartbeat.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Autoimmune disease leading to hypothyroidism, with symptoms like fatigue and swollen eyelids, and characterized by anti-Tg and anti-TPO antibodies.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

Endocrine disorder with beta cell destruction, insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia, leading to long-term complications like CVD and nerve damage.

Celiac Disease

Affects the small intestine due to gluten intolerance, causing symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain, managed by a gluten-free diet.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination, and symptoms like visual disturbances and weakness in limbs.

Myasthenia Gravis

Affects neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness, with symptoms like ptosis and difficulty swallowing, caused by antibodies to acetylcholine receptor.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Chronic inflammatory disease affecting multiple organs, characterized by autoantibodies like anti-dsDNA and presenting with joint involvement and skin rashes.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Chronic erosive arthritis involving joint deformity, characterized by autoantibodies like rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP, leading to bone and cartilage destruction.

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegner’s)

Inflammation of blood vessels in the respiratory tract, involving ANCA antibodies to PR3 or MPO, leading to systemic involvement of organs.

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Include conditions like Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia, Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia, and SCID, affecting B-cell function and antibody production.

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)

Defect in CD43 gene, characterized by low IgM, high IgE, low platelet count, and small platelet size

DiGeorge Syndrome

Developmental abnormality in 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, deletion in Chromosome 22, absence of T-cells, normal B-cells

Ataxia-telangiectasia

Neurodegenerative disease with ataxia and telangiectasias, poor Ab response, low IgG2, IgA, IgE

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

Phagocyte enzyme deficiency, impaired oxidative burst, recurrent infections, often fatal in children

Complement Deficiencies

Inherited deficiencies affecting early and late complement components, associated with infections and autoimmune-like symptoms

Transplant Immunology

Classification of grafts (autograft, syngeneic, allograft, xenograft) and types of rejection (hyperacute, accelerated, acute, chronic)

HLA System

Highly polymorphic genes on Chromosome 6, Class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and Class II (HLA-D), critical for graft rejection and immune response

ABO Blood Type for Transplant

Blood group system crucial for solid organ transplants, antibodies cause rapid rejection if incompatible, ABO-identical pairs needed

Minor Histocompatibility Antigens

Non-HLA proteins with amino acid variations, involved in tissue rejection and GVHD in transplants

MHC Class I-Related Chain A (MICA)

Polymorphic antigens expressed on various cells, anti-MICA antibodies linked to rejection and decreased graft survival