Chemistry Exam 3

Adding an Acid Formula

A^- _(aq) + H₃O⁺_(aq) —> HA_(aq)+H₂O_(l)

Adding a Base Formula

HA_(aq) + OH^- —> H₂O_(l)+A^-_(aq)

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

pH=pK_a+log[A^-/HA]

• A^- = base

• HA = acid

How to ger pK_a

-log₁₀K_a

How do you make a buffer solution?

• Mixing a weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A^-)

• Mixing a weak base (A^-) and its conjugate acid (HA)

7 Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, HClO₄, HClO₃, H₂SO₄

7 Strong Bases

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂

1st Law of Thermodynamics

The change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. It either increases or remains constant in reversible processes.

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero (0 K), the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a constant minimum (usually taken as zero).