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Greek city-state
A Polis that has an urban center and countryside surrounding it along with walls for protection and a central government.
Peloponnesian War
A war fought in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta, where Sparta emerged victorious.
Alexander the Great
A Greek conqueror known for creating one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Socrates
A philosopher who believed in universal truth in morality and that ignorance leads to evil. We should seek to live a moral life. The law never changes, so people cannot intentionally do evil, so evil is a result of ignorance (Highest Power)
Pre-Socratic Philosophers
They emphasized the rational unity of things and rejected supernatural explanations (rejection of higher power as God), seeking natural principles at work in the world and human society. (Natural Law)
Plato’s Apology
A work by Plato depicting Socrates' defense against charges of corrupting the youth and claiming wisdom.
Apology definition
Apologia which means offense
Accusers in Plato’s Apology
1. Old ones: general reputations of accusations
2. Meletus brings an accusation against Socrates to the men of Athens
Accusation in Plato’s Apology
That Socrates is corrupting the youth and he was claiming to be wise
Who was the Oracle of Delphi
Tells someone that Socrates is the wisest
Who did Socrates talk to?
Politicians, craftsmen, poets
Socrates Defense
1. He has voluntary followers.
2. He said a divine presence told him what to do and what not to do.
3. He said he was wise because he knew that he did not know everything which was contrary to the politicians, craftsmen, and poets.
He said living an examined life is a life worth living
Virtue is what it means to be an excellent human being not merely law abiding
Plato’s Crito
Private dialogue between Socrates and Crito when Crito comes to visit him
Crito tells him that tomorrow is his last day of life, Socrates said nope, I had a dream and will live for 3 more days, so Crito tells him to try and escape so that people will not think Crito is a fake friend.
Do not care about the thoughts of the many only a close few matter.
Crito tells him why he should escape:
He can teach in other areas
They have money for him
He should not leave his sons without educating and training them.
3. The Opinions of the wise are good, but the opinions of the many are bad. (gymnastics example)
4. A just life is a life worth living, so I should not escape because this is my sentence. (uphold the importance of the law)
He could not talk about Justice and virtue.
He wants to follow the will of God.
Allegory of the Cave
A metaphor in Plato's Republic illustrating the philosopher's journey from ignorance to enlightenment.
i. In the Republic.
ii. The ideal society (justice, truth, beauty)
iii. Chained facing a wall, and there is a fire and objects walk back and forth, and they think that the shadows are the real thing. Once one of them is released, he sees the real world, and comes to know the sun which is the source of all things that he can see. He goes back and tries to enlighten his chained friends, but they reject his ideas.
iv. This is an analogy for how philosophers feel - people are hostile to being told that they are stubborn and ignorant.
v. For theologians, the ideal forms exist in the mind of the creator.
vi. You cannot group concrete things under abstract terms.
vii. Sight = reason and education = turning someone towards the light.
Romulus and Remus
Mythological twins who founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf and later, Romulus killed Remus.
born from Mars and Silvia, condemned to death from the Gods (thrown into the Tiber River in a basket
Being raised by the she wolf was against the will of the gods
A pastor Fostilus found them under the fig tree, and a shepherd raised them
They were hunters and robbed the travelers to their land
Romulus named it Rome after he killed his brother Remus
Roman Republic
A period of Rome characterized by a Senate sharing power among independent families.
Imperial Rome
The phase of Roman history associated with imperial rule, was established by Octavian Caesar Augustus.
was considered the first among citizens and senators
How did Rome extend its territorial control
a. Attacked by the Gauls and developed military capacity as a Navy.
b. Dominated Italian Peninsula.
c. Punic wars to control the Mediterranean
Way of life of Romans compared to German Goths
The Germanic tribes were a group of various tribal groups which were chiefly an oral culture. The Romans were a highly organized culture with a highly literate culture. Germans were rural and Romans were city and architecture.
Cicero on a person’s duties
We have a duty to others.
We have a duty to bring justice to men.
We must keep our agreement with others .
Beneficence and Liberality: in order to help people this brings social connection (friendships)
Duty to politics - be devoted to the Republic.
Have outward/external actions instead of internal ones.
Roman Empire and Christianity
At first in Rome, Christianity was hidden and they would have the sign of the Chi Rho which was the symbol of resurrection, and they would honor martyrs like Saint Agnes (a young girl who was raped).
Then once Constantine became emperor, he issued the Edict of Milan that legalized Christianity, and he moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople.
Constantine supported 3 churches: Saint John Laterian, Saint Peter’s Basilica, and Saint Paul outside the wall.
Council of Nicaea
Constantine called a council together to gather the bishops from the Christian world.
The aim was to settle and clarify the dispute about Christ’s nature which lead to the idea that Christ was of the same substance as the Father. (this argued against Arianism)
Facts about Augustine’s life
a. Born in modern day Libya.
b. (354-530) Dad = Patricius and Mom = Monica
c. Engages with Cicero’s Hortensius and the Bishop of Mulan named Ambrose.
d. He became the bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa.
e. 397 - wrote Confessions and the De Trinitite
Benedict
He was a monk who became the father of monasticism, and he instituted a vow of obedience which included 8 hours of rest.
Settlers of Great Britain
Germanic People = Anglo-Saxon and Franks who invade and rule most of Great Britain
Donation of Pippen
Traditional name of the oral or written promise made by the Carolingian king Pippin III to Pope Stephen II (or III) granting the pope rights over large territories in central Italy.
Feudalism
A political system where vassals serve lords in exchange for land and protection.
Norman Conquest
Military conquest of England by William Duke of Normandy which was primarily affected by his victory at The Battle of Hastings which results in profound political, social, and admin changes in the British Isles.
Growth in the significance of the papacy
Bishops were socially and politically powerful, so the King wanted to appoint them so that he would have popularity among the people; however, the Pope wanted that power back.
Magna Carta
Great Charter: an agreement on King John of England by rebellious Barrens to limit his power and prevent high taxes and land confiscation
establishing certain liberties for the English people
Europe’s 1st written constitution
Great Schism
The division of Christendom in 1054 into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches during the 4th crusade
Became the Roman Catholic Chruch and the Eastern Orthodox church
primary cause: dispute over the authority of the western papacy to make ruling affecting the whole chruch, and the popes insertion of filique clause into the Nicene Creed
Filioque Clause: referring to whether the Holy Spirit “proceeds” from the father alone or both from the father and the son
Investiture Controversy
A conflict between church and state in Medieval Europe over the appointment of bishops and other church officials such as abbots of monasteries and the Pope himself
Augustine’s Confessions
a. Our hearts are restless…
b. Adolescent Lust and Pear Theft = it wasn't because they wanted the pear it was because they wanted to break the law. Sin is enticing and attractive to us sinful humans.
c. 1 Conversion was through philosophy and 2nd was through Manichaeism
d. Death of his friend= his response was deep overwhelming grief because he was a deep friend and he was drawn away from God VS. When his mom dies he does not weep, even at her funeral, but later, he weeps for Monica and is drawn to God.
e. He ends his confessions by talking about Genesis 1 which shows us that we are called to live a life knowing God, so it does not stop with our conversion
Platos apology and Crito
look at the previous slides
relationship between theology and philosophy in Aquinas
Aquinas was the most significant theologian and philosopher at his time, and he argued for the existence of God. He provided significant accounts of law like eternal, divine, natural, and human laws.
He said that theology and philosophy go hand in hand and in his Suma Theoligica he provided the idea that there are 3 parts to the Godhead and that the 2nd part has 2 natures. (God the Father = Divine, God the Son = Divine and Human, God the Spirit = Divine).
Early Christianity and early theology disputes in Christianity
Edict of Mulan (that legalized Christianity, and he moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople.) and Council of Nicaea (The aim was to settle and clarify the dispute about Christ’s nature which led to the idea that Christ was of the same substance as the Father. (this argued against Arianism)
The primary causes of the Great Schism were the dispute over the authority of the Western papacy to make rulings affecting the whole Church, and the Pope's insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed.
What Abelard shows about Medieval Christianity
He tells Heloise in order to spend time with her because he loves her that Christ has purchased and redeemed her by his blood; he states that Christ's cross has freed us from the dominion of the devil; and he affirms that, in order to accept the punishment due for our sins, Christ was cursed by God in his crucifixion.
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