Fine Arts 125 Berkeley CH 5-12 vocabulary and notes

city states, foreign policy, city planning, architecture, education of the common man, mathematics, engineering

Greek ideas/ideals we use

Ancient Greece

what time period was the height of human development?

Ancient Greece

what time period was the beginning of Western civilization?

stepped platform (foundation)

columns

entablature (includes everything that rests on columns

three main divisions of Greek architecture

stlobate

sterobate

two types of stepped platform

Doric

ionic

Corinthian

three orders of Greek architecture

was the first order

most basic

most masculine

Doric order of Greek architecture

elegant (very tall slender columns)

more feminine (originally considered suitable for indoor use)

complex

ionic order of Greek architecture

most elaborate

most extravagant

rarely ever used by the Greeks

Corinthian Greek architecture

base (only ionic and Corinthian)

shaft (main part, marked by shallow vertical grooves known as flutes)

capital (decorative part made of echinus and abacus)

three parts of Greek columns

flaring cushion, bottom line of capital

echinus

square tablet of capital

abacus

large double scroll (volute), caryatid (female supporting form), and Atlas (male supporting form

ionic capital has ___

two overlapping layers of acanthus leaves

Corinthian capital is made of ___

architrave (series of stone blocks directly supported by columns

frieze - sculpture above architrave (made of triglyph and metope)

three components of entablature

projected over frieze (pediment rested on cornice)

cornice

three half columns

triglyph

to be able to see through

metope

alternating; continuous

Doric frieze is ___, Corinthian frieze is ___

carved in column, causing it to appear tall and slender

hide lines of drums from which columns were made

flutes (in all three Geek orders)

slight bulge in blocks & columns which causes them to appear straight (ex. Parthenon)

entasis

balanced, symmetric, harmonic, perfection, perfection of refinement, order (definite sense of order)

characteristics of Greek art

pediment and frieze

both places where the story of the deity, to whom the temple is dedicated, is told

two places considered most suitable for Greek sculpture

civic; royal

Greek art was a matter of ____ rather than ____ wealth.

high steps

Classical Greek architecture

temples discouraged entrance with ___

from the outside

Classical Greek architecture

meant to be seen ___

independent entity within itself

Classical Greek architecture

individual ____

completely encircled the building

Classical Greek architecture

steps ___

a Theatre

a market place

a temple

Classical Greek architecture

every city had ___

means high city, temple site

every city had its acropolis

Acropolis

cella (nucleus of temple, large room where deity is placed)

porch

2 basic features of Greek temple

Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic

periods of Greek sculpture

oldest example of Greek sculpture

frontally pressed (ex. Kore, Kourus)

similar characteristics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, & Crete

Archaic Greek sculpture

(maiden) refers to female clothed archaic figure

Kore Greek sculpture

(male youth) standing male nude

Kourus Greek sculpture

very, very serene, timeless

introduction of idealism and universalism

more about the perfection of the male physical form

Classical Greek sculpture

Classical Greek sculpture

sculptor - Polykleitos

introduction of counterpoise or contrapposto

represents "Action in Repose"

Doryphorus (Spear Bearer)

balanced assymetry of this relaxed natural stance

(Doryphorus - Spear Bearer)

contrapposto

as Alexander the Great conquers the world, he introduces it to Greek culture (he "Hellenizes" it)

Hellenistic Greek sculpture (Alexander the Great)

perfection, most ideal, more female nudes appear, goes into the narrative, realism, individualism (mark of ind. artist), overstatement (see next flashcard)

characteristics of Hellenistic Greek sculpture

emotion, movement, musculature, "s" curve, just about everything

overstatement of Hellenistic Greek sculpture

Hellenistic Greek sculpture

when was the introduction of the fully nude, sensual form

Propylaea, Temple of Athena Nike, Parthenon, Erectheum

components of Acropolis

architect - Mnesicles

order - Doric

one of 2 buildings which line up on axis (other is Parthenon)

means gateway

Proylaea (Acropolis)

architect - Callicrates

order - Ionic

part of Propylaea

dedicated to the victorious Athena

Temple of Athena NIke (Acropolis)

architect - Ictinus, Callicrates, Phidias (sculptor)

order - Doric

Classical

most famous building in western civilization, most copied

lines up on axis with Propylaea

dedicated to the virgin Athena

generally considered to be most perfect building ever

no straight lines - Entasis

Parthenon (Acropolis)

architect - Mnesicles

order - Ionic

takes the place of 3 original structures, split level

dedicated to 3 deities (know Athena & Poseidon)

Erectheum (Acropolis)

art was similar to Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, & Archaic Greek

Etruscan art similarities

repetition

frontal

traditional

no monumental structure

very open society

liked the figures lying down or at least legs lying to side (Sarcophagus from Cervetri and Youth and Female Demon)

similarities of Etruscan art to Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, & Archaic Greek

was the art of the Republic and Empire

Roman art

designed primarily to impress (propaganda)

Roman art

designed to serve the needs of the living (Utilitarian)

Roman art

is an art of syncretism

Roman art

art that brings diverse elements together to produce something entirely new, with a strong message bearing potential

syncretism

Roman "attitude" most likely for success of their expansion

syncretism

more naturalistic and stylized than Greek art

Romans were more interested in realism

Greeks were more interested in idealism

Roman art

this "piece" of architecture was invented by the Egyptians, used in the Near East and Mesopotamia, but was developed even further by Romans and used in all of their buildings

arch

wooden framework used in the creation of a true round or keystone arch

centering

wedge shaped stones used in creating a round or keystone arch

voussoir

topmost voussoir

keystone

2 architectural "techniques" invented by Egyptians, used by Mesopotamians, but adopted, refined, and used extensively by the Romans

voussoir arches and barrell vaults

more architectural designs developed by Romans

vault

groined vault

masonry and concrete dome

formed by 2 barrel vaults of equal height and diameter meeting at right angles

groined vault

Greek characteristics of Roman architecture

format

appearance

orders

Etruscan characteristics of Roman architecture

raised podium

single flight of stairs

single entrance

Roman characteristics of Roman architecture

cella walls are moved to the point where they engage the columns creating a single cella or chamber

Roman architecture was/wasn't monumental

WAS monumental

home of the middle class (apartment complex)

insula

home of the wealthy

domus

central chamber of a Roman house from which all of the major rooms open

atrium

2 classes of homes built without windows opening onto street

insula

domus

country residence

villa

court of law or public meeting place

basilica

2 types of Roman sculpture

portrait

relief sculpture

Rome's primary contribution to sculpture

portrait

crystallizes individual's character or traits

portrait

revival of Egypt/Mesopotamia ideas in Roman art

relief sculpture

used a lot in Roman art because it lends itself so well to the narrative (or propaganda)

relief sculpture

one technique Roman's knew about, but rarely chose to use correctly

point perspective

Roman painting was a matter of ___

inconsistency

early Christian does not refer to ___, as such

style

early Christian art refers to

those works produced by and for Christians prior to the splitting off of the Orthodox (byzantine) church

early Christian & Byzantine art began in

Ancient Near East

early Christian & Byzantine art is related to ___ by the use of ___

earth; bricks

early Christian & Byzantine art is anti-___

monumental

early Christian & Byzantine art interiors are

heavenly

early Christian & Byzantine art used ___ to show ___

wide open eyes;

intensity of soul

early Christian & Byzantine art in relation to tension

spiritual

early Christian & Byzantine art in relation to emotion

strong

early Christian & Byzantine art used ___:

frontality - solemn, formal, reverence

early Christian & Byzantine art indifference to __

earthly reality

early Christian & Byzantine art used __ space:

flat

lack of illusionary space

early Christian & Byzantine art (simple/complex?)

simplification

early Christian & Byzantine art centered on

life and teachings of Jesus of Nazereth; became most wide spread and influential

most of early Christian art comes from

catacombs

early Christian & Byzantine sculpture and painting

abstract

immaterial

removed from earth

early Christian sculpture and painting (artists concentrated on..)

symbolic representation, using physical means to express a spiritual essence

Christianity divided into 2 halves - name

Eastern Empire - Orthodox/Byzantine church Constantinople was capitol

Western Empire - Catholic, centered in Rome

Byzantine art (plays off each other in same work)

use of naturalistic and anti-naturalistic aspects

Byzantine art is related to

earth by use of bricks