Policies on ethnicity and gender

Assimilation

• encourage EM to assimilate into British culture

• Aimed more at ESL

• Critics argue that pupils who are at the risk of underachieving who already speak English → problem may be due to poverty

Multicultural education

• Policies aimed at increasing performance of EMs → valuing all cultures → raising pupils self esteem and achievements

• Stone argues that Black pupils do not fail for lack of self-esteem → MCE is misguided

• Critical race theorists argue that MCE is tokenism

Gender

GIST WISE, marks in tripartite system

Social inclusion policies

• Detailed monitoring of exam results by ethnicity

• English as an additional language programme

• Help for voluntary Saturday school in Black community