Grammar-Writing Unit 1

nouns

used to name person, place, thing, or idea

proper noun

Particular noun, uses capital letter

example of proper noun

IA

common noun

general, don’t use capital letters

Example of common noun

chair, desk

Abstract noun

qualities, characteristics, ideas

Ex of abstract noun

freedom, love

concrete noun

perceived by senses (touch, hear, smell, taste, see)

ex. concrete noun

Ice cream

collective noun

names a group

Ex. collective noun

family, friends

articles

A, an, the

indefinent article

A, an

What is indefinent article

refers to noun without directly saying it

Definent articles

the

what is an definent articles

points to something specific

Preps that start with an A

about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at

Preps starting with a B

before, behind, below, beneath, beside(s), between, beyond, but, by

Prep starting with a c

concerning

Prep starting with a d

down, during

Prep starting with an e

except

Prep starting with a f

for, from

Prep starting with an i

into, in

Prep starting with a L

like

Prep starting with an o

of, off, on, over

Prep starting with a p

past

Prep starting with a s

since

Prep starting with a t

through(out), to, toward

Prep starting with a u

under(neath), until, unto, up, upon

Prep starting with a w

with, within, without

Group of words that are also preps

on account of, in spite of

Pronouns

replace a noun or another pronoun

Personal pronouns

I, we, me, us, he, him, her, she, you, it

possessive pronouns

function as adjective, my, yours, its, our, his, her, their

Reflexive/intensive pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, etcs have pronoun in them

reflexive pronoun

reflects on you and what you’re doing to yourself

intensive pronoun

About tone, doesn’t reflect on yourself

Relative pronoun

introduces clause, whwo what, which

ex of relative pronoun

My dad, who lives in Clinton, is retired

interrogative pronoun

usually a question, who, whom, which, what

Demonstrative pronoun

this, that, these, those, indicates which one

Indefinent pronoun

Doesn’t have specific antecedent, expressed quantity

Indefinent pronoun starting with an a

all, another, any, anybody, anyone

Indefinent pronoun starting with an b or e

both, each, either, everybody, everyone

Indefinent pronoun starting with an f or m

few, many, most

Indefinent pronoun starting with an n or o

neither, nobody, none, no one, other

Indefinent pronoun starting with an s

several, some, somebody, someone

Preposition

used to show relationship (time, place, idea) of a noun/pronoun to rest of sentence, always used in a phrase

prep phrase steps

starts w/ prep (when, where happened), ends with noun/pronoun, can’t have “plain” verb after “to” or its an infinative

Linking verbs

“be” verbs, seem(s), become(s), am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

FLAGSSTARS

feel, look, act, grow, smell, sound, taste, appear, remain, stay

Helping verbs (create tense)

is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being, does, do, did, has, have, had

Helping verbs (Modify meaning)

can, will, shall, could, would, should, ought (to), might, may, must

Subject - Ask what?

who or what verb?

What can’t be a subject but look like one?

There, here

object complements

always follow action verbs, is a noun, pronoun, or adjective

DO Question

who or what got verbed?

DO

Noun/pronoun that answers whom or what of an action verb

IO

noun or pronoun that answers to whome, what, for whom/what of an action verb, can’t be without DO

IO question

to/for whom/what did that noun get verbed

OC question

is there additional info about DO, after DO

OC rules

follow DO to complete/explain it, sentence must have DO to have OC, can bo noun or adjective, only verbs meaning make or consider can have OC, DO/OC refer to same topic

Subject complements

LV links to subject, complete verb, only used with LV, two types (PN and PA)

PN

noun or pronoun complement referring to sam person/thing as subject of verb, renames subject, after LV, is name or pronoun

PA

adjective complement that describes subject after LV