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social psychologists
people who scientifically study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
attribution theory
the theory that explains how people have different attributes by their situation or their personal nature
fundamental attribution error
the tendency of people to underestimate the situation a person’s in for their personality and overestimate the impact of their personal nature // ex
self-serving bias (rewrite definition here because it belongs here too!)
tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors and our failures to the situational and external factors.
attitudes
feelings often influenced by our beliefs that make us to respond in a certain way to objects, people, and events
peripheral route persuasion
involves other aspects of message including characteristics of communicator & emotions. // ex. ryan reynolds ads
central route persuasion
deeply processing content of message. // ex
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
tendency for people to do a small request then work up to a bigger and bigger request later on. // ex
role
set of norms in a social position. it defines how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent // ex
chameleon effect
tendency of people to copy what other people are doing, creating a chain reaction
conformity
adjusting our behavior and beliefs to fit into a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
informative social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
social facilitation
improved performance in front of others
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort in something than if they were to do it themselves
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity // ex
group polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
groupthink
when group members supress their their opinions for the ideas for the group; false unanimity is encouraged.
culture
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
norms
"rules" about how group members should act // ex
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.
stereotypes
generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
ethnocentrism
evaluating other cultures by using one's own culture as a frame of reference. assuming the superiority of one’s ethnic group
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
just-world phenomenon
tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get // ex
ingroup
“us”—people with whom we share a common identity.
outgroup
“them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group.
scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. / ex
other-race effect
the ability to more easily recognize people of our own race
hindsight bias (look up definition if have to)
looking back at something after knowing what happened and thinking that it was obvious that it was going to happen
aggression
behaving a certain way with the intention of hurting someone
frustration-aggression principle
people made miserable often make others feel miserable as well // ex
social scripts
a "script" provided by society that tells you how to act // ex
mere exposure Effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them
passionate love
physical attraction, further provoked by arousal from any other source (arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another)
companionate love
a deep, affectionate attachment that tends to develop with time
equity
both partners give and receive in equal proportions
self-disclosure
revealing intimate details about ourselves
altruism
being unselfish and feeling concern for the well-being of others
bystander effect
the more people there are witnessing a situation, the less likely someone will actually call for help
social exchange theory
the idea that our constant goal is to maximize rewards and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
the idea that we should help those who've helped us
social-responsibility norm
the idea that we should help those who need it
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social traps
when we harm our collective well-being by pursuing our personal interests
mirror-image perceptions
people in conflict have the tendency to demonize each other. (these distorted images are so similar that we call them mirror-image perceptions)
self-fulfilling prophecy
a perceived incompatibility of when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true just by expecting it to come true, goals, or ideas // ex
superordinate goals
shared goals that can only be achieved through cooperation
GRIT strategy
graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. // team A first announces its recognition of mutual interests and its intent to reduce intentions. A then initiates peacebuilding acts with B without weakening its retaliatory capability.
prejudice
an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitudes toward groups and its members.
stereotype
generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
just-world phenomenon
tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people deserve what they get
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
ingroup
“us” people with whom we share a common identity
outgroup
“them” those perceived to be outside our ingroup
scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
other-race effect
the ability to more easily recognize people of our own race
aggression
behaving a certain way with the intention of hurting someone
frustration-aggression principle
people made miserable often make others feel miserable as well
social scripts
a "script" provided by society that tells you how to act
social cognition
attitude formation and attribution theory
compliance strategies
certain strategies to get others to comply with their wishes
door-in-the-face
unrealistically large request followed by a smaller smaller request // ex. “gimme a 1000” “nah” “ok 100?”
norms of reciprocity
tendency to feel obligated to reciprocate kind behavior
harold kelly
3 attributions are based on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus (factors that make it person or situation)
false-consensus effect
overestimate number of people who agree with them
out-group homogeneity
people end to see members of their in-group a smore diverse that members of out-group
contact theory
contact between hostile groups will reduce tension but only if they work toward a superordinate goal
instrumental aggression
agressive act with an intended end // ex. Bobby throwing Carol’s toy so he can’t have it
hostile agression
no clear purpose // ex. Kuya having a bad day and punching his friend
attraction contains 3 things
similarity, proximity, reciprocal liking
irving janis
made groupthink
plural ignorance
tendency to look toward others for cues about the appropriate way to behave when confronted by an emergency
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Flashcard (48)