Water and Minerals

what is the most important molecule in the body?

H2O (water) - comprise 50-70% of human body

the body cna lose water in _______, _______, _________, and _________

lungs; skin; urine; feces

true or false: the body cannot store water

true

function of water in the body

1. solvent

2. major component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, and joint fluid

3. remove wastes

4. help transport substances

5. lubricate tissues

6. regulates body temperature

7. help digest foods

8. participates in many chemical reactions

9. help maintain proper blood pH

water is the universal _________

solvent (medium for many chemical reactions of human metabolism)

why is water considered to be a macronutrient?

water released energy in the body

• 60% of energy from water becomes body heat

• 40% of energy from water are used by cells (ATP)

perspiration

water release fluid when overheated; the water cool down the skin adn evorporates through skin pores (energy is released and body is cooled)

true or false: 1 liter of evaporated perspiration equals to 600 kcal of heat lost

true

true or false: water is an important component of saliva, mucus, amniotic fluid (shock’s absorber in mother’s wound), and lubricating fluids (knees, tears, etc)

true

dfissuion

mlecular movement from a region of higher to lower concentration

osmosis

movement of a solvent, usually water, through selectively permeable membrane

selective permeable membrane

barrier that allows the passage of certains substances and prevents the movement of other substance

intravascular fluid

blood and lymph

interstitial fluid

1. fluid between cells

2. gastrointestinal fluid

3. spinal column fluid

4. tears

5. synovial fluid (in joints)

intracellular fluid

fluid found inside every cells

hypertonic

has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside, leading to a lower water concentration outside the cell. This causes water to move out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cells to shrink

hypotonic

has a lower solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell - since there’s more water outside than inside, water moves into the cell by osmosis. This can cause the cell to swell and potentially burst

what is the function of saliva?

helps food pass from esophagus to stomach

what is the function of mucus

protective coating through GI tract and lungs

what is the function of amniotic fluid?

shock absorber in mother’s womb

what is the adequate intake of total water (fluid & food) for women?

around 11 cups per day (2.7 liters)

what is the adequate intake of total water (fluid & food) for men?

around 15 cups per days (3.7 liters)

what is the adequate intake for fluid alone for women?

9 cups (2.2 liters)

what is the adequate intake for fluid alone for men?

13 cups (3 liters)

true or false: many fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water

true

true or false: many eats are least 50% water

true

what are some environmental factors that affect water requirement?

1. temperature

   1. humidity

what are some physiological factors that affect water requirement?

1. sickness

2. pregnancy

what are some lifestyles factors that affect water requirement?

1. alcohol consumption

2. exercise a lot (or just move alot)

3. spend a lot of time in the sun

4. high sodium diet

__________ are the major regulator of the body’s water acontent and ion concentrations

kidneys

what are the commons signs of dehydration?

1. thirst

2. dry mouth

3. dark yellow urine

4. less frequent urination

5. dizziness

6. fatigue

7. headache

true or false: to maintain a healthy daily intake, the daily water input should equal their average daily output

true

the amount of urine a person produces is determined primarily by their ______________

total water intake

kidney remove ________ from the bloodstream

waste products

kidney stones formed from ___________

chronic dehydration (not drinking enough water)

to determine if a person is consuming enough water, they can observe…(signs and symptoms)

1. darker urine

2. skin turgor

3. dry skin

4. dry mucosa

5. fatigue

__________ is the primary regulator of fluid intake in most people

thirst

oral rehydration therapy

specifically prepared solutions of water and electrolytes used to prevent and treat dehydration

diuretic

substances that increases urine production (e.g., caffein, alcohol)

total water intake is __________ to total water output

equal

the average urinary water los per day is _____________

1950 mL (8.5 cups)

output of 500 mL of urine or less is a sign of _____________

dehydration

what are the ways water exit the body?

1. urine

2. skin perspiration

3. lung respiration

4. feces

true or false: water loss can occur from simply respirating

true

average urinary water loss per day is __________ mL but the minimum is ________ mL and anything below that is bad

1,950; 500

receptors in kidneys, blood vessels, and brain closely monitor…

1. blood pressure

2. concentration of solutes in blood

3. hormones

hormone that participate in fluid conversion are ________

1. antidiuretic hormone

2. aldosterone

3. angiotensin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by pituitary gland when blood concentration of solutes is __________ which tells kidneys to ___________ water excretion, increasing blood volumes

high; decrease (because when the blood concentration is high, it means there is not enough water in the blood)

how does ADH and aldosterone works together to restore fluid balance?

ADH directly increase water reabsorption and tels the kidney to decrease water excretion and aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption which indirectly increases water retention

what gland produce antidiuretic hormones?

pituitary gland

when is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release?

dehydrated which causes blood volume to rise

what gland produce aldosterone?

adrenal glands

aldosterone is release when the blood volume is ___________ which tell kidneys to conserve sodium and water, which ____________ blood volume

low; increase

aldosterone tells kidneys to converse sodium and water, which __________ blood volume

increase

what happens when the body flids are depleted (practice naming the pathway)?

1. osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus sense increased blood concentration

2. hypothalamus signals the pituitary glands

3. posterior pituitary gland release ADH

4. kidneys sense decrease blood flow and activate enzyme cascade involving angiotensin and aldosterone

5. increased absorption of Na+ and Cl- leads to water retention

6. ADHD signals the kidneys to retain more water

7. fluid balance is restored

what can extreme dehydration cuase?

1. kidney failure

2. coma

3. death

true or false: chronic or severe dehydration can leads to kidney failure, which when worsen can lead to coma and death

true

hyponatremia

water toxicity - high intake of water which result n severe dilution of blood and other fluid compartments, dangerously low blood sodium level, and swelling of the brain, nerves, and fluids in lungs

body need ________ to ________ mg of sodiym per day

200;500 (but funfact the average daily intake of sodium is 2300-4700 mg/day)

what is another name for table salt?

NaCl (40% sodium, 60% chloride)

the body needs ________ to ________ of sodium per day

200;500

what is the adequate intake of sodium per day?

1500 mg/day (however the average intake for most people ow is 2300-4700 which is not good!)

what is the upper limit of sodium?

2300 mg/day

sodium exist in food in form of ________

table salt (NaCl) - 40% sodium, 60% chloride

sodium functions

1. conducting nerve impule

2. maintaing fluid balance

3. muscle contraction

true or false: sodiyn defieicny is rare

true

what are the causes of sodium deficiency?

1. excessive fluid intake

2. fluid loss

3. vomitting

4. sweating

5. kidney disease

6. diseases: liver diseases, heart failure, pancreatitis, trauma, infections, and burns

how does the kidneys help conserve body sodium?

1. reabsorb sodium back into the bloodstream

2. reduce the excretion of sodium through urine

increase Na (sodium) intake → ________ BP → fluid __________ → ___________ blood volume → _________ BP

increase; retention; increased; increased

what are sign of sodium deficiency?

1. muscle cramps

2. nausea

3. vomiting

4. dizziness

5. shock

6. coma

during sodium deficiency, kidney respond by _________

conserving

what is the DASH diet

low fat and sodium diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables and low-fat diary products

what is the function of potassium?

1. conducting nerve impulses

2. muscle contraction

3. lower blood pressure

4. maintain fluid balance

what are the sign and symptoms of potassium deficiency?

1. muscle cramps

2. confusion

3. constipation

4. irregular heartbeat

5. heart failure

what is the usual cause of potassium deficiency?

1. long-term diarrhea

2. vomitting

3. medications

true or false: 99% of calcium are stored in bones and teeth

true

how are calcium absorb in the body?

the small intestine (active at the duodenum and jejunum - passive at the illeum)

absorption of calcium required a slightly acidic environment and ___________

vitamin D

calcium absorption can be hinder by:

1. high fiber intake

2. caffeine/alcohol

3. vitamin D deficiency

4. menopause

5. aging

what is the functions of calcium

1. bone formation and maintenance

2. blood clotting

3. conducting nerve impulses

4. muscle conctration

5. cell metabolism

what is the adequate intake for potassium?

4700 mg

how long does bone growth last and when does bone loss begins?

1. bone growth peak during adolescent up over to the end of puberty

2. bone loss begins around age 30

______ should the the first choice in obtaining calcium, with supplement following second

foods

magnesium is primarily stored in ________

bones

magneisum is need for vitamin _______ synthesis

D

function of magnesium

1. provides rigidity to bones

2. promotes muscle relaxation

3. cardiac and nerve conduction

4. promote insulin sensitivity

what happen to the body when there is a magnesium deficiency?

1. irregular heartbeat

2. weakness

3. muscle spasms

4. confusion

5. nausea

6. vomiting

7. seizures

Choose the true statements about vitamins.

Multiple select question.

• Eating over a 1000 calories of one food is likely to produce a toxic effect.

• Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults.

  correct

• Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements.

  correct

• Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins.

• Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults.

  correct

• Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements.

  correct

• Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins.

Cooking vegetables in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces, and cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins are all effective ways to reduce the loss of______ that easily leach out of food and dissolve in cooking water.

Multiple choice question.

protein

water-soluble vitamins

carbohydrate

fat-soluble vitamins

water-soluble vitamins

the vitamin that participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth is vitamin ______

A

xeropthalmia

dry eye

Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?

Multiple select question.

• People who do not exercise frequently

• Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables

• People with fat malabsorption

• Older adults

• Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables

• People with fat malabsorption

• Older adults

What type of tissue contains the least amount of water?

Multiple choice question.

Heart muscle tissue

Fat tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Fat tissue

which of the following are functions of water?

Multiple select question.

• Provides energy

• Is a major solvent

• Transports nutrients

• Regulates body temperature

• Is a major solvent

• Transports nutrients

• Regulates body temperature

Mineral elements that have electrical charges that help maintain fluid balance in the body are called:

Multiple select question.

• electrolytes.

• ions.

• protons.

• electrons.

• electrolytes.

• ions.

How long can a human survive without water?

Multiple choice question.

A few days

Up to 30 days

5 days

At least 8-20 days

A few days

Choose the statements about water that are true.

Multiple select question.

• Dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements.

• Water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions.

• Total water intake requirements vary widely.

• Total water needs are the same for men and women.

• Dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements.

• Water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions.

• Total water intake requirements vary widely.

Depending on a person's unique body composition roughly what percentage of body weight is contributed by water?

Multiple choice question.

25-50%

10-25%

50-75%

75-100%

50-75%

Which of the following are major minerals?

Multiple select question.

• Iron

• Selenium

• Potassium

• Sodium

• Calcium

• Potassium

• Sodium

• Calcium

Which of the MyPlate groups contributes minerals to the diet?

Multiple select question.

• Water

  Reason:

  Water is not one of the MyPlate groups. We typically gain more minerals from food than water.

• Grains

  correct

• Fats and oils

  Reason:

  Fats and oils are not assigned to a separate MyPlate group. Oils are not a significant source of minerals.

• Vegetables

  correct

• Proteins

  correct

• Fruits

  correct

• Dairy