Mrs. Gillespie AP Lang 130 Flashcard Vocab

Accuracy

How true or correct the information in a source is

Alliteration

Repetiton of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence

allusion

A brief reference to a person, event, or place or to work of art

Anaphora

repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines

annotate

the act of noting observations directly on a text

Antithesis

contradictory ideas that are juxtaposed often using parallel grammatical construction

Archaic diction

old-fashioned or outdated choice of words

Archtype

A cultural symbol that has become universally understood and recognized

Argument

A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion

Assertion

A statement that presents a claim or thesis

Assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of words

authority

the status of information in a text. for example who wrote it

Bias

A prejudice or preconceived notion that prevents a person from approaching a topic in a neutral or an objective way

Brackets

signal that the word in it has been changed and not part pf the original. they are most used to change a pronoun or verb tense in a quotation

claim

states the arguments main idea or position

claim or fact

asserts something that is true or not

claim of policy

proposes a change

claim of value

argues that somethings is good or bad right or wrong

classical oration

five part argument structure used by classical rhetorical

introduction

introduces th reader to the subject under discussion the speaker typically announces rge subject and purpsoe and appeals to ethos to establish credibility

narration

also known as extposition today this provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

confirmation

develops the proof through evidence to support the part of the writer’s claims

refutation

addresses the counter argument, it is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion

conclusion

brings the essay to a satisfying close

coherence

that quality of a paragraph where the ideas flow logically through leading to the next

collloquial language

an expression or language construction appropriate for casual informal speaking or writing

commentary

an explanation of why the evidece and/or quotiations are important to the development of a line of reasoning and how they support the thesis

concession

an acknowledgement that an opposing arguement may be true in a strong argument

concrete

refers to a specific particular thing as opposed to a term that refers to a bond concept opposite of abstract

connotation

meaings that readers bring into words beyond their dictionary, definitions, or denotations.

counter argument

an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward rather than ignoring it, a strong writer will usually adress it through the process or refutation

credibility

the believability of a source

dash

a form of punctuation that adds another thought to a sentence can be used to interject a thought

deduction

a logical process that reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case. it is usually demonstrated in the form of syllogism.

denotation

the literal definition of a word often refered to as the “dictionary definition”

diction

a writers choice of words in addition to choosing words with precise demotations.

ellipses

a series of dots that can signal something is missing from a quote from a source

evidence

the supoort for a claim or argument

analogies

evidence that makes comparasions between two unrelated things as a way to clarify one of them

ancedots

evidence drawn from stories about other people that the writer has either observed been told about, or reserved

current events

evidence drawn from what is happening nationally and globally. it can be interpreted in many ways and contain bias

expert opinion

evidence based on the acknowledgement of experts whose jobs and/or experiences give them specialized, credible, knowledge.

historical infiormation

verifiable facts that a writer knows from research. this kind of eviudence can provide background and conetct for current issues as help establish ethos

personal evidence

evidence drawn from the writer’s own experience

personal observation

evidence the writer has seen but not necessarily experienced

qualitative evidence

evidence supporyted bu reason, tradition, or percendent

quantitative evidence

includes things that can be messured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers.

testimony

an expression of how the writer feels about a personal experience or personal observation

firsthand evidence

evidence based on something the writer knows, whether from personal experience, observation, or general knowledge of events

hyperbole

deliberate exaggeraton used for emphasis or to produce a comic an overtstatement to make a point

hyphen

connects words together making them into a combo-word clustor

imagery

a description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or souds.

induction

from the latin induceree “to lead into”. it is a logical process of reasoning from particulars to universals, using specific particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion.

inversion

inverted order of words in a sentences usually a varation of the subject-verb-object order

irony

a incogruity between expectation and reality

dramatic irony

tension created by the contrast between what a character or writer says or thinks and what the audience knows to be true

situational irony

a pointed discrepancy between what seems fitting or expected and what actually happens

verbal irony

a figure of speech that occur when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected.

juxtaposition

placing two things side by side for the sake of comparison or contrast, writers sometimes use this in a incogruous way to produce verbal irony

lien of reasoning

the connections between the claims in the writers argument and the evidence presented to support them

logical fallacies

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an arguement. they often arise from a failure to make a good logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to suport it.

Ad Hominem

latin for “to the man” this refers to the specific diversionary tractic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.

Ad Populum

this occurs when evidences boils down to “everybody is doing it so it must be a good ting to do”

Appeal to false authority

occurs when soemone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authoritry.

Begging the question

when a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt it “begs” a question whether the support itself is a sound

circular reasoning

when the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence

Either or fallacy

when the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices

equivocation

uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive

Faulty analogy

occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable asks the reader to ignore significance and profound differences between animals and people

Hasty generalization

A faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence

post hoc fallacy

latin for “after which therefore because of which” meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. one may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply correlation

red herring

wherein the spaker relies on a distraction to derail and argument usually by skipping to a new or irrelevant topic.

Straw man

occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberaliety poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea

metaphor

fugure of speech that compares two thing without using like, or as.

methods of development

mades of expression writes use to achieve their purposes each of these modes is a way of thinking a reasoning pattern that developes and argumizes the reasoning of the writer’s argument

cause and effect

relies on the analysis of that causes that lead to a certain effect or conversely the effects that result from a cause

Comparison and contrast

Juxtaposing two things to highlight their simularities and differences an or it is useful in explaining distinctions that differentiate between two similar concepts or ideas an argument will reflect a comparison and contrast of two people, ideas, policies, or view points

definition

conveys details about a concept, an event, or an object to advance an argument

description

evokes the senses by painting a picture of something that looks sounds, smells, or feels clear and vivid writing description can make writing more persuassive

narration

tells a story or recounts a series of real life events chronology usually governs narration which includes concrete details, a point of view, and sometimes such elements as dialogue.

mood

the feeling of atmosphere created by a text

oxymoron

a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words

paradox

a statement situation that seems contradictory, but actually reveals a surprising, hidden, or ironic truth

parrallel structure

similarity of structure in a pair or series, of relate words, phrases, or clauses

parenthetical

a clause or phrase interrrupting a sentence to provide information that is typically not essential to undertstanding the writers main point but still helps writers achieve their purpose or speak to the audiences needs

passive voice

a sentence employs passive voice when the subject doesn’t act but rather be acted on

persona

greek word used for “mask” the face or character that a speaker or writer shows to the audience

personification

attribution of life like waiting to an inanimate object or an idea

perspective

a writers view of a topic based on the writers background nterests and expertise. writers may hold the same position on a topic yet have a different perspective on it

polemic

greek for “hostile” an agressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.

position

A statement of a writers perspective on a topic that articulates on an arguable claim

propaganda

the spread of ideas and information to further a cause of using rumors, lies, disinformation, and score tactics in order to damage or promote a cause

pun

a play on words that arrives it humor from, the replacement on one word with another that has a similar punctuation or spelling but a diferent meaning. can derieve humor from the use of a single word that has more then one meaning

Qualified argument

an argument is not absolute it acknowledges the merits of an opposing view but develops a stronger case for its own position

Qualifier

words like usually, probably, and maybe are used to temper claims, masking them less absolute

rebuttal

presnts a contrasting perpetitve on an argument on its evidence purposing that some or all of a competing position is unfounded

refutation

a denial of the validity of an opposing argument. in order to sound reasonable. follow a concession that acknowledge an opposing argument while that may be true or reasonable

rhetoric

aristotle deformed this as “the faculty of observing in any gicen case the avaliable meals of persuasion”

rhetorical appeals

rhetorical techniques used to persuasive an audience by empasizing what they find must important or comparing ethos, logos, and pathos appeal to this

ethos

Greek for “character” writers and speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Established by who the speaker is and what the speaker says