Identification of saliva and other fluids

how much saliva do we produce daily

1-1.5L

saliva is largely compose of

water with small quantities of electrolytes, proteins, antibodies, enzymes oral epithelial cells

saliva is produced in the

salivary glands

saliva currently has no

confirmatory method in use

presumptive tests are available but based primarily on

• inorganic anions (thiocyanate and nitrate)

• enzymes (alkaline phosphatase or a-amylase)

a-amylase hydrolyzes the

1-4 bonds in starch

a-amylase has two forms,

• amy 1 - salivary locus

• amy 2 - pancreatic locus

amy-1 is present in

perspiration, breast milk

amy-2 is present in

semen, urine, fecal material, vaginal secretions

antibodies will recognize

both amy-1 and amy-2 forms of amylose

describe amylose

a linear polymer of glucose units held together by the chain a1-4 glycosidic linkages

describe amylopectin

branched polymer, containing a1-5 linkages at branch points

what are the two types of glucose polymers

amylose and amylopectin

amylose

amylopectin

a-amylase is a debranching enzyme and

hydrolyzes b1-6 linkages at branch points

amylose formes helices with

6 glucose residues per turn

in the radial diffusion assay, no color means

a positive result

how do we differentiate between AMY1 and AMY2

• salivary amy1 is inhibited by wheat lectin

• pancreatic amy2 is inhibited by kidney bean extract

dye starch substrates is

blue start polymer, phadebas test

for the start polymer test, a positive result is

blue

for the SALIgAE kit, a positive result is

yellow

what test is commercially available

SALIgAE kit

the SALIgAE kit is

simple and sensitive (1:1000)

RSID saliva tests are

commercially available

RSID saliva tests are sensitive and require

as little as 1 mL of saliva

in an RSID test what is in the control zone

immobile anti IgG

urine can be useful in

sexual assaults and assaults involving urination

urine is formed in the

kidneys

the urinary system consist of

• kidneys

• ureter

• bladder

• urethra

urine is an

aqueous solution consisting largely of water

organic compounds found within the urinary system are

• creatine

• creatinine

• urea

• urinary indican

• urochrome

• purine/pyrimidines

• steriod derivatives

urine can be identified by

odor, gentle heating and odor detection

DMAC is a urine presumptive test that

detects amines (particularly urea)

tamm-horsfall protein (ThP) is the

most abundant protein in urine

vaginal secretions have

no tests available for US labs to identify

menstrual blood has

no tests used

fecal testing can be

• macroscopic

• microscopic