Unit 4 vocab -economics,colonies,and social systems

Bank of Amsterdam

A dutch bank established in the 17th century known to be the first modern central bank;Netherlands bank that dominates in international banking & finance

joint-stock companies

Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration and colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

mercantilism

The belief that trade increases wealth and a government should protect it

primogeniture laws

a law of inheritance in which title, property, and/or wealth is passed from the deceased to their firstborn child.

Adam smith

Scottish philosopher that wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776

the wealth of nations

the outline for how a nation becomes wealthy and how the division of labor falls within a wealthy vs. non-wealthy society. This book is considered a seminal document in the development of free-market capitalism.

dutch east india company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia.

british east india company

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India;

encomienda system

A system that relied on the forced labor of the native population in the Spanish colonial Empire.

potosi

City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mind and that became the largest city in the Americas,

triangular trade

“triangular trade”: a system of exchange in which Europe supplied Africa and the Americas with finished goods, the Americas supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials, and Africa supplied the Americas with enslaved laborers.

cash crops

an agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible.

tobacco

A plant integral to the indigenous societies of the Americas when smoked, releases 'Feels good' chemicals in the brain.

indentured servitude

agreements between two parties about long-term work.

commercial revolution

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century.

little ice age

a period of wide-spread cooling from around 1300 to around 1850 CE when average global temperatures dropped by as much as 2°C (3.6°F), particularly in Europe and North America.

chattel slavery

the owning of human beings as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited,

plantation economy

an economy which is based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few staple products grown on large farms called plantations.

colony

A territory completely controlled by another.

hispaniola

the island located in the Caribbean Sea that Christopher Columbus landed on first. Bartolomé de las Casas.;The name Columbus gave to Haiti and the Dominican Republic when he first discovered them. Columbus was convinced that there was a plentiful amount of gold there which he could profit from.

jamestown

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607.

aztec empire

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries;

inca empire

The Western Hemispheres largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries

new spain

Spanish colonial possesion in Mesoamerica

tenochtitlan

The metropolitan capital of the Aztec Empire, with a population of 150,000-200,000 people.

mexico city

the main city of the Aztec Empire and New Spain,

lima

The capital of Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1535.

treaty of tordesillas

On June 7, 1494, an agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

bartolome de las casas

First bishop of Chiapas, In southern Mexico

viceroys/viceroyalties

A regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

audiencias

a court established to administer royal justice; also, one of the most important governmental institutions of Spanish colonial America.

haciendas

a system of large agricultural estates that were developed in the Spanish Empire in the Americas.

Rio de janeiro

Port closest to the mines, one of the largest cities in the Americas and used to be the Portuguese capital in Brazil

new amsterdam

A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island.

sociedad de castas

american social system based on racial origins;

middle passage

the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World.

atlantic slave trade

the trade of African people, mainly from West and Central Africa, to the Americas and Europe

creoles

individuals who were born in the colonies, but who had Spanish parents or grandparents.

peninsulares

Spanish settlers who had been born in Spain and came to settle in Spanish America.

castas

all children of mixed ancestry.;"lineage", "breed" or "race".

mestizos

people of mixed ancestry with a white European and an indigenous background.

mulattoes

someone of mixed African and European descent.

zambos

Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents.

african diaspora

Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.