Test 4 Bio Psych 1650

What type of chimp had infants who seemed to understand human language?

Bonobo Chimp

Which theory of language development does Williams Syndrome disprove?

Language is simply a byproduct of overall brain development and intelligence

What is the language acquisition device?

A built-in mechanism for acquiring language

Is there a critical period for language?

Probably

_____ is the loss of the ability to speak.

Aphasia

If they suffer Broca's aphasia, deaf people ______.

Broca's Aphasia

Damage to which cortical lobe may result in Wernicke's disorder?

Wernicke's Disorder

The individuals in #7 may have difficulty naming objects. What is this called?

Anomia

What group has an advantage when learning a second language in adulthood?

Professional Musicians

______ are people who believe there is a single measure of intelligence that covers all knowledge.

Lumpers

What two rain lobes are a part of the P-FIT model of intelligence?

Parietal and frontal

As far as intelligence is concerned, what characteristic of white matter seems to be important?

White Matter Efficiency

What intelligence test was mentioned in class as an example that ONLY uses symbols for testing?

Raven Progressive Matrices

What were the three theories of motivation mentioned in class?

Instinct, drive reduction and arousal

_____ is the optimal amount of stimulation for performing difficult tasks.

Low

lateral HY, VMH and PVN; VMH

What 3 areas of the hypothalamus are important for hunger?

Insulin and Glucagon

____ facilitates the entry of glucose into cells; ___ breaks down stored glucose.

Glycogen

____ is stored glucose.

If someone with anorexia has a distorted body image, what does that mean?

s/he literally sees themselves as overweight

Why do some researchers think obesity is an addiction?

Because when they are eating the same brain areas are active that are active when a heroin user is shooting up

Which theory of emotion argues that the cognition and physiology of an emotion happen simultaneously?

Cannon-Bard Theory

Often _____ is the first symptom of CVD.

Death

There were two theories of why someone dies as a result of a voodoo curse - list one of them.

Parasympathetic rebound stops the heart OR the small blood vessels burst and the person bleeds out

Polygraph tests measure ____?

Sympathetic arousal

The inability to experience pleasure is ___.

Anhedonia

The ____ (it's a body part) are important in emotional expression.

Eyes in Emotional Expression

Why is there controversy about the DSM5?

it ignores the biology of psychological disorders

What did NIH create that examines psychological disorders considering biology?

RDoC

What does the DSM 5 contain that allows folks to determine cultural issues that might affect mental health?

CFI

If two conditions often co-exist, what term is used?

Comorbidity

T/F Diagnostic labels are always helpful when receiving treatment.

F

____________ is a neurodevelopmental tic disorder.

Tourette's

What theory has been proposed to explain schizophrenia?

Neurodevelopmental

A key symptom of schizophrenia is enlarged __________.

Lateral Ventricles

Which bipolar disorder (1 or 2) is characterized by hypomania?

Bipolar Disorder 2

What disorder is known as the 'common cold of psychopathology'?

Depression (MDD)

_______________ have been proposed as a major cause of medication effectiveness in depression.

Placebo Effects

What brain area is critical to the Neurocircuitry hypothesis of depression?

ACC

ECT is often recommended for depressive patients - list 2 reasons why it might be.

When meds don’t work, delusions or depression

What two neurotransmitters are important in anxiety (GAD)?

CCK and GABA

Benzodiazepines are ________, i.e. they allow GABA to bind to its receptors more easily.

Allosteric modulators

What chemicals do our brains release that oppose the activities of the benzos?

Endozepines

______ are characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsions.

OCDs

Multiple personality disorder is now known as _____.

Dissociative identity disorder

Abnormality

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

DSM-5

The primary tool for diagnosing psychological disorders, criticized for ignoring biology.

NIH

National Institutes of Health, an institution that refuses to accept studies based on DSM-5.

NIMH

National Institute of Mental Health, aimed to change brain and behavior disorders.

RDOC

Research Domain Criteria, focuses on symptoms, behavior, and biology.

Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)

A tool in DSM-5 to help assess cultural issues versus mental health issues.

Differential diagnosis

A process that rules out other possible reasons for symptoms before diagnosing mental illness. (e.g., hearing voices could be due to an auditory tumor)

Prevalence of disorders

Approximately 3% of US adults report serious psychological distress in any given month.

Co-morbidity

The occurrence of more than one disorder in the same individual, such as depression and anxiety.

Causes of Abnormality

Mental illness can be caused by bad genes, chemical imbalances, or brain structure.

Stress-vulnerability models

Integrative models that argue for a nature/nurture combination in the development of mental illness.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Disorders diagnosed early in life that continue into adulthood.

Autism spectrum disorder

Covers a range of symptoms from minor to extreme, including difficulty with eye contact.

Tourette's disorder

A tic disorder characterized by vocal tics, requiring both motor and mental symptoms for diagnosis.

Schizophrenia

Means split mind; refers to a psychotic state where there is a split from reality.

Stigma

Negative perceptions and discrimination associated with mental disorders.

Diagnostic Labels

Labels that may lead to stigma and can affect access to insurance help.

Epigenetics

The study of how the environment can affect gene expression.

Psychosis

A mental state characterized by a disconnection from reality.

Neurodevelopmental Theory

The theory that schizophrenia is due to abnormalities with pre- or post-neonatal development of the nervous system.

Positive Symptoms

The presence of abnormal behaviors in individuals with schizophrenia, such as delusions and auditory hallucinations.

Negative Symptoms

The absence of normal behaviors in individuals with schizophrenia, such as isolation.

Seasonality of Schizophrenia

More schizophrenics are born in late winter and early spring, potentially linked to maternal viral infections during pregnancy.

Lateral Ventricles

A hallmark of schizophrenia characterized by brain damage and less gray matter.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by a destabilized mood with ups and downs.

Bipolar Type I

Characterized by full-blown mania and depression, with a ratio of 3 times the depression to mania.

Bipolar Type II

Characterized by hypomania and the exhibition of agitation and anxiety.

Cyclothymic Disorder

A more chronic form of bipolar disorder.

Lithium

A mood stabilizer and the drug of choice for treating bipolar disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Often called depression; characterized by recurring bouts lasting about 6 months to a year.

Dysthymia

A milder but more chronic form of depression.

Depression Statistics

10% of the U.S. population is depressed, with a higher rate of diagnosis in women.

Neurocircuitry Hypothesis of Depression

The hypothesis that depression affects the ACC pathway from the brain's thinking parts to the emotional parts.

Ketamian

A horse tranquilizer that is FDA approved and used to shock the brain.

Cognitive Psychotherapy

A type of therapy used to treat various mental health disorders.

ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

A humane treatment that induces seizures and is used for severe depression and other conditions.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by chronic and pervasive worrying about everything.

Recurring Thoughts of Suicide

Thoughts that are worse when on the upswing of mood rather than during depressive episodes.

Antidepressants Efficacy

A 2010 study found that antidepressants are no more effective than placebo and may have worse side effects.

Medication for Depression

Works by increasing the availability of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), and norepinephrine (NE).

Amygdala

An area of the brain that is overactive in young individuals, associated with emotional responses.

CCK

A neurotransmitter in the amygdala that is excitatory.

GABA

An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the amygdala that is enhanced by anxiolytics.

Anxiolytics

Anti-anxiety medications that work by enhancing GABA.

Barbiturates

A class of drugs that were initially used for anxiety but are habit-forming and can lead to overdose.

ED50

Effective dose for 50% of the population.

LD50

Lethal dose for 50% of the population.

Benzodiazepines

A class of drugs introduced with Librium in 1961, acting as allosteric modulators at GABA receptor sites.

Minor tranquilizers

Benzodiazepines prescribed for minor cases of pathology, also known as sedative hypnotics.

Schedule 4 drugs

Drugs rated as having low abuse potential, including Valium and Xanax.

Endozepines

Compounds produced by the body that act in opposition to benzodiazepines and can produce anxiety.

PTSD treatments

Some drugs like ecstasy and certain benzodiazepines are used to treat PTSD with varying success.

Panic disorder

Characterized by repetitive panic attacks that come out of nowhere.

Panic attacks

Symptoms that mimic a heart attack; ⅓ of people who think they have a heart attack are actually having a panic attack.

Specific phobias

Phobias that may have comorbidity with panic attacks; agoraphobia is a well-known example.

OCD

Disturbances based on repetitive and intrusive thoughts, leading to compulsions.