Studied by 44 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
2 disorders in RBC production
Anemia
Erythrocytosis
Greek word of anemia meaning without blood
Anaimia
Clinical manifestation of anemia*****
Palpitation & dyspnea upon physical exertion
Tachycardia
Skin conjunctival pallor
Headache & dizziness
Fatigue & leg cramp
Insomnia
Enlargement of spleen, lymph, liver
Coma
Death
Jaundice - severe intravascular hemolysis
Physiologic response to anemia
Increase oxygenated blood flow
A true decrease/increase in red cell mass (RCM)
Absolute anemia
Caused by a fluid shift from extravascular to intravascular or vice versa
causing the red cell mass to appear increased or decreased (but remains normal)
relative anemia
Associated with increased red cell number, hemoglobin content & hematocrit
erythrocytosis/polycythemia
classification of erythrocytosis that involve Stress syndrome/Gaisbock's syndrome/spurious erythrocytosis
relative
an absolute primary erythrocytosis that is a pluripotent stem cell disorder
polycythemia vera
Increased cardiac rate, cardiac output & circulation rate leading to shortness of breath can be due to:
increase oxygenated blood
decrease oxygenated blood
increase oxygenated blood
Increase in oxygen utilization by tissue causes:
shift to the left
shift to the right
shift to the right
blood component best used to identify anemia
Hb
ref range of Hct in male & female
male: 40-54%
female: 35-49%
formula of MCV
(Hct (L/L)/RBC #) x 10
ref range of MCV
80-100 fL
formula of MCH
(Hb (g/dL)/RBC #) x 10
ref range MCH
26-34 pg
ref range MCHC
31-37 g/dL
calculated index provided by hematology analyzers to help identify
anisocytosis
Red cell distribution width
RBCs that appear like a “stack of coins" usually due to increased
proteins like fibrinogen or acute phase proteins in the plasma
Rouleaux
RBC appear clumped wherein the outline of each individual cannot be distinguished
agglutination
an abnormal degree of variation in the shape of erythrocytes in the
blood
Poikilocytosis
No central pallor
Increased Hb
MCV >125 fL
oval macrocyte
Round without central pallor
6.2-7 um
spherocyte
oval/elliptical shape
egg-shaped,rod,pencil forms
elliptocyte & ovalocyte
RBC with evenly distributed, uniform size blunt spicules protruding from cell surface
echinocyte
RBC with irregular size spicules protruding from cell surface
reversible
burr cell
thorn like projections of various lengths & widths over the surface
No longer disc shaped
acanthocyte
Bowl-shaped RBC with elongated slit-like pallor
retained in spleen
stomacyte
bulls-eye, bell, tall hat shaped
codocyte
Fragmented red cells due to membrane damage
schistocyte
horn like projections creating a vacuole that ruptures
keratocyte
pear/tear-shaped
dacrocyte
Small, round cells in severe burns
microspherocyte/pyropoikilocyte
Large, pale pink staining ghost of red cell membrane
semi lunar bodies/half moon
semicircular area removed by the spleen
degmacyte
triconcave shape having 2 central pallors
pinch cell
knizocyte
blister cell
pyknocyte
mushroom shaped
goldfish like
pincer cell
Shrunken, dehydrated, speculated cell
dessicocyte (puddle RBC)
Membrane of cell folded over
pocketbook/folded
elongated red cells with pointed ends (SVL configuration)
drepanocyte (sickle cell)
Dark staining hexagonal crystals
Hb CC crystal
dark hued crystal
washington’s monument
Hb SC crystal
small round fragments of nucleus
reddish brown in Wright stain
Howell-Jolly bodies
Fine or coarse, deep blue to purple inclusion on dry Wright stained film
basophilic stippling
appear near the periphery of young rbc
with perl’s Prussian blue
pappenheimer bodies
Young red cells that no longer have a nucleus but still contain RNA
polychromatophilic red cell
Thin, ringlike structure that stains red-violet in Wright stain
circular figure 8
Cabot ring
Observed when using supravital stains
"pitted golfball”
bite cells
heinz bodies
appear after 4 drops of blood is incubated with 0.5 mL of 1% BCB for 20 min at 37C
Hb H inclusion
Needle-like, bluish rods
porphyrin crystals
Indicates the degree of effective bone marrow activity
reticulocyte #
the actual number of reticulocytes in 1L of whole blood
Absolute reticulocyte #
means to adjust the reticulocyte count in proportion to the severity of
anemia as reflected by the patient's hematocrit
Corrected reticulocyte count (CRC)
CRC formula
(px Hct/0.45 L/L) x reticulocyte #
RPI formula
CRC/maturation in days
how much px Hct is in the following days
1 - 1.5 - 2 - 2.5 - 3
1 - 40-45
1.5 - 35-39
2 - 25-34
2.5 - 15-24
3 - <15
Provides supplemental diagnostic information in namic patients when other lab tests are not conclusive
BM exam
reticulocyte # formula
(# reticulocyte/1000 RBC) x 100
what day in maturation is considered adequate BM response
>= 3
an MCV of <80
microcytic
an MCV of >100
macrocytic
an MCHC <31
hypochromic
an MCHC >37
hyperchromic
ineffective erythropoiesis is indicated by an RPI of _____
<2
px has RBC # of 2.3x10^12/L, Hb of 7.3 g/dL, Hct of 24%, & retic # of 9%.
identify the MCV, MCHC, RPI, morphology, & physiology
morph & phys = macrocytic hypochromic
MCV of 104 = >100 = macro
MCH of 32
MCHC of 30 = <31 = hypo
RPI of 1.92 = ineffective erythropoiesis
Immature cells that would give rise to megakaryocyte & could not be differentiated from other progenitor cells
committed progenitor cell
which of the following is capable of endomitosis:
BFU-Meg
CFU-Meg
LD-CFU-Meg
AOTA
LD-CFU-Meg
division of chromosomes not followed by nuclear division that results in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell
endomitosis
form of mitosis that lack ttelophase & cytokinesis
endomitosis
growth factor produced primarily in the liver followed by the BM in response to platelet demand in circulation
thrombopoietin
growth factor produced in the BM by macrophages, fibroblasts, T lymphocytes & stimulated endothelial cells in response to the mass of megakaryocytes in the BM
Meg-CSF
cell derived growth factors with stimulator effects on myeloid &
lymphoid progenitor cells
IL-3, -6, -11
earliest recognizable form in EM capable of undergoing endomitosis
megakaryoblast
stage capable of protein synthesis & development of demarcating membrane system (DMS)
promegakaryocyte
T/F
megakaryocyte has no specific organelles
true
process where cells pass through cytoplasm of megakaryocyte without being destroyed
emperipoiesis
stage capable of releasing PLT:
megakaryocyte
metamegakaryocyte
promegakaryocyte
megakaryoblast
metamegakaryocyte
how much PLT are shed by metamegakaryocyte
1k-4k
stage where PLT are adhering to cell membrane
metamegakaryocyte
produced in the extravascular sinus which breaks off into smaller PLT
proplatelets
process of PLT shedding from a mature megakaryocyte
thrombopoiesis
shape of PLT at rest:
biconcave
discoid
asterisk like
pseudopods
discoid
what organ is 20-30% of PLT sequestered
spleen
ref range of PLT
140-440x10^9/L
shape of active PLT:
biconcave
discoid
asterisk like
pseudopods
pseudopods
PLT that is 4-6 um
macrothrombocyte
PLT that is >6.5 um
megathrombocyte
PLT that is <2 um commonly mistaken as dirt
microthrombocyte
PLT structure that is adhesive & responds readily to hemostatic requirements
negatively charged to to repel other PLT away
glycocalyx
PLT structure that anchors glycoproteins & proteoglycans that support surface glycosaminoglycan, oligosaccharides, & glycolipids
plasma membrane
PLT zone which is a stable gel component to regulate the rangement of internal organelles
Responsible for the PLT shape
structural zone
composed of multiple subunit which makes up the cytoskeleton support system of the PLT
maintains PLT shape at rest
contracts on activation to encourage alpha granule release
circumferential microtubules
causes the change in PLT shape upon PLT activation
actomyosin
PLT component for contraction & pseudopod formation
microfilament
makes up 20-30% of PLT protein
microfilament
15-20% total protein content
actin filament
how many dense bodies are in each PLT
2-7
Migrates to the plasma membrane & release their contents directly into
the plasma upon PLT activation
dense bodies (beta granules)
Note 
Flashcard (41)