Lec 28: Notę

What forms the posterior abdominal wall?

Lumbar vertebrae (T12-L5), diaphragm, muscles (psoas, quadratus lumborum, iliacus), and lower ribs (11th & 12th).

What is the function of the psoas major muscle?

It is the primary hip flexor and also flexes the trunk when the leg is fixed.

What does the thoracolumbar fascia cover?

It is a connective tissue sheet covering the posterior and lateral trunk muscles.

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

The phrenic nerves (C3-C5) innervate the diaphragm.

Where do the kidneys typically sit in the body?

The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs located between T12 and L3.

What is the clinical correlation associated with the renal collecting system obstruction?

Severe obstruction can lead to ruptured renal calyx and extravasation of urine.

What is the role of the iliohypogastric nerve?

It provides motor innervation to transversus abdominis and internal oblique, and cutaneous innervation to the hypogastric skin.

What is nephroptosis?

It is the condition where the kidney drops due to inadequate perirenal fat.

What do the suprarenal glands produce?

The cortex produces corticosteroids and androgens, while the medulla produces catecholamines.

What are the key hiatuses of the diaphragm and their contents?

T8: Caval foramen (IVC); T10: Esophageal hiatus (esophagus); T12: Aortic hiatus (aorta, thoracic duct).

Which nerve contributes to meralgia paresthetica?

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

What establishes the renal collecting system?

Papilla → minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis → ureter.

What type of muscle is the quadratus lumborum and its primary action?

It stabilizes the trunk and assists in ipsilateral trunk flexion.

Where do renal arteries come from?

They are paired arteries branching from the abdominal aorta at L1/L2.

What is the insertion point of the iliopsoas?

It inserts at the lesser trochanter of the femur.

What can lead to lumbar instability and low back pain?

Weakness in the core muscles, including those related to the thoracolumbar fascia.

Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation to the extern abdominal oblique?

The ilioinguinal nerve.