9 - Histology 2026

Ectoderm

Epithelium of the cornea is derived from what germ layer?

Mesoderm

Lining epithelium of the kidneys is derived from which germ layer?

Endoderm

Lining epithelium of the GI tract is derived from which germ layer?

Surface epithelium

Membranous layer that covers the external/internal surfaces of the body

Microvilli

These are tightly packed, microscopic projections of the apical surface of intestinal absorptive cells

Cilia

Actively motile processes that propel substances along their surfaces

Stereocilia

Long microvilli in the epididymis and vas deferens

Simple squamous

Single layer of flat cells

Endothelium of blood vessels

Mesothelium of body cavities

Alveoli

Corneal epithelium

Examples of simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Tubules of the kidneys and the germinal epithelium are examples of what type of epithelium?

Simple columnar

Lining epithelium of the intestines

Pseudostratified epithelium

The epithelial layer, where all cells are in contact with the basal lamina, but NOT all of them reach the apical surface

Transitional epithelium

The number of cell layers varies with the functional state of the organ

Uroepithelium

Lining epithelium of the excretory passage of the urinary system

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

(Respiratory epithelium)

Type of epithelial layer seen in the trachea, bronchus, and nasal cavity

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

Type of epithelial layer seen in the mouth, esophagus, larynx, and vagina

Metaplasia

It is the transformation of one tissue into another type

Adenocarcinoma

A malignant growth that arises from the glands

Stratum corneum

The epidermal layer of the skin that is continuously shed

Stratum lucidum

What epidermal layer of the skin is found only in thick skin?

Keratohyaline granules

The stratum granulosum contains basophilic masses called?

Stratum spinosum

Thickest epidermal layer

Stratum Basale

Layer of basophilic cells on the basement membrane with intense mitotic activity

Melanocyte

Epidermal cells that contain tyrosinase

Langerhans cell

What epidermal cell is found in the stratum spinosum?

Fibroblast

Principal cells of the connective tissue

Macrophages

These are the tissue phagocytes

Adipocytes

Storage of neutral fats with a "signet" ring appearance

Plasma cells

Which cell has eccentrically placed round nuclei with coarse, clumped clock face chromatin

Mast cells

Which cell has granules containing heparin, histamine, and serotonin

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which connective tissue has collagen in randomly arranged fibers that protect and support organs

Reticular connective tissue

These are a delicate network of reticulin/collagen III with attached fibroblast

Type I

The dermis, bone, tendon, and fibrocartilage are what type of collagen?

Type II

The hyaline and elastic cartilages are what type of collagen?

Type III

The reticular fibers are what type of collagen?

Type IV

The basal lamina is what type of collagen?

Type V

The fetal membrane is what type of collagen?

Calcium

Phosphorus

What minerals comprise the inorganic material of the bone?

Haversian canal

Lamella

Osteocytes

Canaliculi

What are the parts of the osteon?

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

PTH is secreted by what cell?

Calcitonin

The parafollicular/C cells secrete what hormone?

Skeletal

What muscle fiber has a peripheral nucleus?

Cardiac

What muscle fiber has elongated with branching ends?

Smooth

Type of muscle fiber where the muscle cells are arranged in layers?

Epimysium

Covering of the whole muscle

Perimysium

Covering of the bundle of muscle cells

Endomysium

Covering of an individual muscle cell

Red fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber with large amounts of myoglobin; slow-twitch muscles

White fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber that is large with less myoglobin and mitochondria

Type II

Type of alveoli that secretes surfactant

Type I

Type of alveoli for gas exchange

Bronchioles

Part of the tracheobronchial system where there are no cartilages seen

Clara cell

Cell that secretes surfactant-like material and an enzyme that can detoxify

Microglia

Mononuclear phagocyte in the CNS

Placenta

Hofbauer cells are seen in?

Kupffer cells

Mononuclear phagocyte in the liver

Pepsinogen

What do the chief/zymogenic cells secrete?

Parietal/ Oxyntic cell

What secretes the HCl and Intrinsic factor?

Enteroendocrine cell

What gastric gland secretes serotonin?

Paneth cells

What intestinal cell maintains innate immunity by secreting lysozyme?

Submucosal/ Meissner's plexus

What GI nerve plexus controls secretion?

Myenteric Auerbach's plexus

What GI nerve plexus controls movement?

Duodenum

Brunner's glands are seen in?

Ileum

Peyer's patches are seen in?

Zone 1

Which zone of the liver acinus receives the most O2?

Podocytes

Cells within the glomerulus that form the filtration slits?

Simple Cuboidal with Brush borders

Histologic characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubules?

Oligodendrocytes

What glial cell is the source of myelin in the CNS?

Ependymal cells

What cells line the ventricles?

Basophils

What pituicytes secrete FSH and LH?

Growth hormone

Prolactin

What hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary acidophilic cells?

Spermatogenic cells

Sertoli or Sustentacular cells

2 basic cell types in the seminiferous epithelium?

Corneal epithelium

Bowman's membrane

Corneal stroma

Descemet's membrane

Corneal endothelium

Layers of the cornea

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

The sclera is composed of what type of tissue?

Loose connective tissue

The choroid is composed of what type of tissue?

Endolymph

What fluid is found in scala media?

Perilymph

What fluid is found in scala tympani?

Perilymph

What fluid is found in scala vestibuli?