Untitled Flashcards Set

Function of cellular respiration

To convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

Organisms that carry out glycolysis

All organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals.

Equation for cellular respiration

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP.

Coupled reactions

Reactions where the energy produced from one reaction is used to power another; ATP is generated through exergonic reactions and used in endergonic reactions.

Redox reactions

Reactions involving the transfer of electrons, crucial for glucose breakdown as they release energy.

Oxidized and reduced molecules in cellular respiration

Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and oxygen is reduced to water.

Three stages of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

Location of glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Oxygen requirement for glycolysis

Glycolysis does not require oxygen; it is anaerobic.

Phosphorylation in glycolysis

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule; it occurs in the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase of glycolysis.

Function of NADH

NADH acts as an electron carrier, transporting electrons to the electron transport chain.

NADH formation in glycolysis

In step 6, NADH is formed to carry electrons; it donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

Structure of NADH

It consists of a ribose sugar, adenine, and two phosphate groups, allowing it to carry high-energy electrons.

Gross ATP molecules in glycolysis

4 ATP are formed, while the NET gain is 2 ATP per glucose molecule due to 2 used in the energy investment phase.

Final product of glycolysis

Pyruvate, with a total of 2 molecules produced per glucose.

NADH produced during glycolysis

2 NADH are produced per molecule of glucose.

Structure of mitochondria

Mitochondria have an outer membrane, an inner membrane with folds (cristae), and a matrix containing enzymes and mitochondrial DNA.

Intermediate step reaction

1 NADH and 1 CO2 per glucose is produced during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Molecule pyruvate combines with

Pyruvate combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

Final product of Kreb's cycle

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized, producing CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 per turn.

First step of Kreb's cycle

Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

Kreb's cycle regeneration

Oxaloacetate is regenerated to start the cycle anew.

Kreb's cycle products per glucose

2 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 are produced.

Fate of NADH and FADH2 in Kreb's cycle

They carry electrons to the electron transport chain.

Glucose and Kreb's cycle

Each glucose yields two acetyl-CoA, resulting in TWO turns of the cycle.

Total molecules after glycolysis, intermediate step, and Kreb's cycle

Net 4 ATP, 6 CO2, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2 are produced.

Status of glucose

Glucose has been broken down to CO2, with high-energy electrons captured by NADH and FADH2.