U.S 1960's Test

Little Rock Nine

group of nine black students that went to Central High School where 2,000 white students attended

Bottom Up

actions that come from the people, to show the government what needs to be done

• like protesting for change

Top Down

actions that come from the president to the people

Brown v Board of Education

outlawed segregation in public schools

Brown v Board II

ordered that school integration be implemented with all due speed

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

• group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest

• commitment to justice, peace, and nonviolence

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to:

• work against segregation in Northern cities

• promote racial equality through peaceful means

Black Panthers

group that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action

Stokely Carmichael

• a black civil rights activist in the 1960's.

• Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee.

• He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude.

• Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power.

• He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Angela Davis

• college professor affiliated with the Black Panthers

• she was accused of having been involved in a murderous jail-break attempt by that organization.

Malcom X

the leader of a more militant Black power movement that demanded political equality for African Americans

Dolores Huerta

• originator of the phrase: “Si su puede”

• lead negotiator on the 1965 Delano Grape Strike

• Co-founded the United Farm Workers with Cesar Chavez

United Farm Workers

organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions

Cesar Chavez

• worked to organize farm workers in California

• helped to found the Chicano movement in the U.S. which grew out of civil rights tradition

Black Power

the call for African Americans to have economic and political power, with an emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protest

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

• A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation.

• encouraging non-violent protest against segregation.

Martin Luther King Jr

• was a leader in the Civil Rights movement

• also opposed the war in Vietnam

• His most famous speeches from the movement:

  • “I Have A Dream”

  • “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

Rosa Parks

has become associated with the community organizing technique of sit-ins or boycotts after she famously refused to move to the back of the bus

Thurgood Marshall

was the Supreme Court Justice responsible for many of the opinions handed down in key civil rights lawsuits

Montgomery Bus Boycott

where African Americans used other forms of transportation to boycott busses

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence (using nonviolent resistance)

nonviolent resistance

peaceful protest or noncooperation with authorities designed to achieve social or political goals

sit-in

where African Americans student protesters sitting in “white only” public spaces and refusing to move, thereby causing businesses to lose customers

• many of these protesters were often beat up and treated badly during the sit-ins

• happened in Greensboro, NC

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be unjust and to suffer the consequences.

direct action

political acts, including protests of all types, designed to have immediate impact

Freedom Rides

where people would go to see whether southern states were complying with the Court’s ruling

Birmingham, Alabama

City in the deep south known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in everyday life.

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing

• Church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington

• killed four African American girls

Orval Faubus

• Arkansas governor

• declared that he wouldn’t support the decision of desegregation in Little Rock

Executive Order 10730

sending federal troops to maintain order and enforce the school’s integration after the Little Rock Nine

James Meredith

• African American veteran of the Korean War

• transfer student at University of Mississippi (known as Ole Miss)

24th amendment

eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Freedom Summer

• organized by CORE and SNCC

• a campaign to register black voters in Mississippi

Fannie Lou Hamer

• a SNCC organizer and former sharecropper who had been evicted from her farm after registering to vote & thrown in jail for urging other African Americans to register to vote

• helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention

John Lewis

civil rights activist, student leader of SNCC who organized sit-ins, spoke in Washington, & marched in Selma

Selma March

• A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights

• many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed.

• Led by MLK.

• Resulted in Voting Rights Act.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• outlawed literacy tests and other methods used to deny African Americans the right to vote

• required the federal government to supervise voter registration in area where less than half of voting-age citizens were registered

1963 March on Washington

• protest for unequal treatment to African Americans

• a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill.

• at the Lincoln Memorial

I Have a Dream Speech

• Martin Luther King Jr’s speech

• most notable event from the March on Washington

• delivered at the Lincoln Memorial

filibuster

senators spoke at great length to prevent legislative action

The Feminine Mystique

• written by Betty Friedan

• describes women who led supposedly fulfilling lives through their marriage, home, and family but who were ultimately discontent

glass ceiling

the invisible barrier to women’s professional advancement

NOW (National Organization for Women)

• consisted of mostly middle-aged, middle-class women who pledged to “bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society”

sexism

term to describe oppression of women in the workplace or home

women’s liberation

term to describe their ultimate goal of emancipating women from customs and laws that kept them subordinate to men

feminism

the movement for women’s equality

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

birth control

Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

• overturned Roe v. Wade

• holding that the Constitution does not confer a right to abortion, leaving decisions about the regulation of abortion to legislatures

La Huelga

• “strike”

• the National Farm Workers Association started a strike against grape workers

La Raza

• “the people”

• used to identify and connect with their ancient Mexican origins

Bilingual education

• teaching in two languages

• the Bilingual Education Act legalized instruction in languages other than english

Brown Berets

• fought for Chicano rights

• working to improve housing and employment for Chicanos as well as install pride in Chicano culture

AIM (American Indian Movement)

formed by American Indian rights activists to monitor police radios and respond to calls involving American Indians

• intended to help before the police so no violence happened

Indian Civil Rights Act

• designed to ensure equality for American Indians

• guaranteed American Indians protection under the Constitution and recognized the authority of tribal laws

• had little impact

Alcatraz

On November 20, 1969, 89 American Indians occupied the deserted prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay

Wounded Knee Occupation

• In February 1973, members of AIM seized and occupied this town in South Dakota, the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops, for two months

• demanding radical changes in the administration of the reservation and insisting that the government honor its long-forgotten treaty obligations.

Immigration Act of 1965

This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation.

Model minority

A stereotype that characterizes all Asians and Asian Americans as hardworking and serious and so a "good" minority.

JACL (Japanese American Citizens League)

formed in 1929 to defend the rights of Japanese Americans, also sought legal reparations