Chi .22.1 The biological Species Concept emphasizes reproductive isolation

What is the Biological Species Concept?

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

How does the Biological Species Concept relate to reproductive isolation?

It emphasizes barriers that prevent different species from interbreeding, which can be pre-zygotic or post-zygotic.

What are two limitations of the Biological Species Concept?

It's only applicable to sexually reproducing organisms and requires extensive data to determine reproductive isolation.

What is the Ecological Species Concept?

It defines species based on their ecological niche and is applicable to both sexual and asexual organisms.

What is a pro of the Morphological Species Concept?

It can be applied to any organism or fossil and requires the least amount of information.

What is allopatric speciation?

Speciation that occurs when a population is divided by a geographic barrier, leading to the evolution of a new species.

What is sympatric speciation?

Speciation that occurs without geographic barriers, within a single population in one geographic area.

What is an example of sympatric speciation?

The apple maggot fly, which diverged based on preference for different host plants (hawthorns vs. apples).

What are the three types of symbiosis?

Mutualism (both benefit), commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected), and parasitism (one benefits, other harmed).

What is the difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis?

Primary involves a eukaryotic cell engulfing a prokaryotic cell, while secondary involves a eukaryotic cell engulfing another eukaryotic cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis.

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta.

What is the significance of cyanobacteria in Earth's history?

Cyanobacteria began performing photosynthesis about 2.5 billion years ago, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event and transforming Earth's atmosphere.

What are extremophiles and give an example?

Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme environments. An example is halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations.

What is the difference between a monophyletic and a paraphyletic group?

A monophyletic group includes a common ancestor and all its descendants, while a paraphyletic group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.