AP US History Chapter 28

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108 Terms

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Statistics of Americans
- 1/7 foreign-born in 1900
- 1900-1914 - 13 million immigrants
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Progressives
crusaders who waged war on *monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social justice*
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Cause/origin of new reformist wave
Greenback Labor party and the Populists because *industrialists* made fewer and fewer have *power*
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Progressive theorists believed
Society could *no longer* afford the luxury of *laissez-faire* policy. The *people*, through government, must substitute mastery for drift
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Henry Demarest Lloyd
(1894) "Wealth Against Commonwealth: - wrote against *Standard Oil Company*
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Thorstein Vablen
- (1899) "The Theory of the Leisure Class" - *attack* on the *new rich*. Viewed the leisure class engaged in making money for *money's sake* instead of making goods to satisfy *real needs*
- Argued that the *social leadership* should go *from* the *useless rich to* those who are *useful*
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Jacob A. Riis
- (1890) "How the Other Half Lives" - spoke about the horrors of the *NY slums*
- *Influenced* future NYC police commissioner, *TR*
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Theodore Dreiser
Pounded promoters and profiteers in "The Financier" (1912) and "The Titan" (1914)
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Socialism in America
Many advocates for this were *European immigrants* inspired by the strong movement for socialism in Europe -> began to get more *strength at the ballot box*
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Types of reformers
Social gospel, university-based economists, feminists, muckrakers, temperance, labor rights, and many more
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Social gospel
Used *religious doctrine* to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban *poor*
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University-based economists
Advocated for new reforms modeled on *European examples*
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Feminists (suffrage)
*Jane Addams* in Chicago and *Lillian Wald* in NY - made women enter the *fight* to improve the lot of families *living* and *working* in the festering cities
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10¢ and 15¢ magazines
McClure's Cosmopolitan, Collier's, and Everybody's. Extensive research for finding things bad about business that the public loved
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Muckrakers
Bright young *reporters* at the turn of the 20th century, term coined by *TR*, but *boosted circulations* of their magazines by writing *exposés* of widespread *corruption* in American society (business manipulation of government, white slaves, child labor, and illegal deeds of trusts). Also helped spur passage of *reform legislation*
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Popular Muckrakers
- *Lincoln Steffens*: The Shame of the Cities
- *Ida M. Tarbell*: exposé of the Standard Oil Company
- *Upton Sinclair*: The Jungle
- *David G. Phillips*: The Treason of the Senate
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Social evils in the Progressive Era *and* books about them
- "White slave" traffic for women, slums, and industrial accidents
- Stannard Baker's "Following the Color Line" (1908) - 9 million blacks, 90% of the South, and 1/3 illiterate
- John Spargo's "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906) - abuses of child labor
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Habit-forming drugs
Often sold for money, induced with alcohol. In Collier's, they exposed the medicine and were reinforced by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley
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Significance of the muckrakers
- Symbolized much of the *nature* of the *progressive* reform movements
- Long on *lamentation* but stopped *short* of *revolutionary methods*
- Counted on *publicity* and *aroused public conscience* (not drastic political change) to right social wrongs
- Sought to not overthrow capitalism but to *cleanse* it (Puritans vs Pilgrims anyone??)
- Believed more *democracy* was the answer to solve issues
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Most progressive reformers were
middle-class men and women
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How progressives sought to modernize American institutions
- Use the *state* to curb monopoly power
- Limit socialist threat by improving the *common person's* conditions of life and labor
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Progressivism can be best described as
a broadly dispersed *majority mood*, not a movement
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Objectives of Progressives
- *Regain the power* that had slipped from the hands of the *people* into those of the *"interests"*
- Getting rid of *graft* (bribery, corrupt practices, etc.)
- *Direction election* of US *Senators* - often heeded to the voice of *business* instead of the *people* (even referred to as the "Millionaires' Club)
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How Progressives attempted to get power into the hands of the people
Direct election of US senators, initiative, referendum, and recall
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Initiative
A Progressive reform measure allowing *voters* to *petition* to have a law placed on the *general ballot*
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Referendum
Progressive reform procedure allowing *voters* to place a *bill* on the ballot for *final approval* even after being passed by the *legislature*
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Recall
Enabled the voters to *remove* corrupted elected *officials*
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Significance of initiative, referendum, and recall
Brought *democracy* to the people and helped foster a *shift* towards *interest-group* politics and away from old political machines
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How Progressives aimed to get rid of graft
- *Limited the amount of money* a candidate could spend on their election *campaign*
- Australian ballot
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Australian ballot
A system developed in Australia in 1850 that allows voters *privacy* in marking their *ballot choices*. Counteracted boss rule (can't bribe if they don't know who they're voting for)
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17th Amendment
*Direct election of senators*. Many Senators liked existing methods, and *local legislatures* found it wise to give the vote to the *people*
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Women suffrage support
- *Political reformers* believed the women's vote would elevate the *political tone*
- *Anti-Saloons* felt they could rely on support of enfranchised females
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Women's suffrage gradually began especially in:
Western states
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Urban Progressive reforms
- Frustrated by *inefficiency* and *corruption* of city government — looked to *Galveston, TX* as an example (expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs)
- Often favored *efficiency* over *democracy*
- City-manager systems
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City-manager systems
take politics out of municipal administration
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Urban reformers
- Attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution in red-light districts
- Looked to English and German cities
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Robert M. La Follette
Most militant of progressive *Republican* leaders. Became the governor of WI in 1901.
- Tackled *RR* and *lumber* "interests"
- *Regulated* public utilities and *inspired* other states to *follow*
- Gave the power from the *business -> people*
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Hiram W. Johnson
*Republican* governor in 1910, broke the dominant grip of the *Southern Pacific Railroad* on California politics and set up a *political machine* of his own
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Charles Evans Hughes
*Republican* governor of NY; *investigator* of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and the coal trust
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Settlement houses — significance
Offered *door* to public life - showed *issues* of America's cities and gave women *skills/confidence* to attack them
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Literary clubs
Educated women met to improve literary knowledge -> went to *social issues* instead of literature
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"Separate spheres"
- *Women*'s place was in the *home*, *Republican Motherhood*
- Women viewed being involved in *issues* was an *extension of their motherly role* (protecting children from labor issues, health problems, etc.)
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The most successful reform of the Progressive Era was
child labor reform
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Florence Kelley
Illinois' first chief *factory inspector*, one of the nation's leading advocates for *improved factory conditions*. Also took control of the *National Consumers League*
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National Consumers League
Mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace
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Muller v. Oregon
(1908) *Louis D. Brandeis* persuaded the SC to accept the constitutionality of the laws *protecting women workers* by presenting evidence of the *harmful effects* of factory labor on women's *weaker bodies*; restricted women to 10-hour work day
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At the time, protecting ___________ rather than __________ was more common and similar to __________
women and children —— granting benefits to everyone —— Western Europe
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Lochner v. New York
(1905) Semi-setback for reformers, the SC *invalidated* a NY law *establishing a 10-hour work day* for bakers
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)
Locked doors and *fire code violations* made the factory a death trap. 146 workers, mostly *young immigrant women*, incinerated or leapt to their death from 8 or 9 stories
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Results of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire
- NY had much *stronger laws* regulating hours and conditions
- 30 other states by 1917 put workers' compensation in the books (*insurance*)
- Progressively changed from dog-eat-dog world to *employer's responsibility*
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Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Founded by *Frances E. Willard*, largest organization of women in the world
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"Dry" laws
Controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol
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Major centers for alcohol products and why
*Big cities*. Large *immigrant* vote; Old World had free-flowing alcohol
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The temperance movements resulted in tensions between:
Nativists and immigrants
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"Square Deal" and TR's three C's
- *Control* of corporations
- *Consumer* protection
- *Conservation* of natural resources
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Anthracite Coal Mines in PA
- 140k workers demanded 20% increase in pay and 9-hour workday
- *Unsympathetic mine owners*, George F. Baer also unsympathetic
- Coal *supplies dwindled* -> factories, schools, and hospitals had to shut down because of the lack of heat
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- *TR* brandished the Big Stick -> threatened to *seize the mines* and use *federal troops*
- Owners *arbitrated* -> 10% pay boost and working day of 9 hours
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Department of Commerce and Labor
Settle disputes between owners and workers
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Bureau of Corporations
Probe business engaged in *interstate commerce*; useful in *breaking* stranglehold of *monopoly* and allowing *"trust-busting"*
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Elkins Act
(1903) Law passed by Congress to *impose penalties* on *RRs* that offered *rebates* and customers who *accepted them*. Strengthened the ICA of 1887
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Hepburn Act
(1906) *Restricted free passes* and also strengthened the ICC (now included express, sleeping-car, and pipeline companies)
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TR's actions against trusts
- Believed there were *good* and *bad* trusts
- *Didn't* want to completely *destroy* all big business
- Believed there were *good* and *bad* trusts
- *Didn't* want to completely *destroy* all big business
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Northern Securities Company
- *Railroad* holding by JP Morgan and James Hill, wanted a *monopoly* of *NW RRs*
- 1904 - Company appealed to *SC*, ordered it to be dissolved
-> *Upset* Wall street and *big business* but gave TR reputation as a *trust-smasher*
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Beef Trust Cases
SC declared beef trust *illegal*, monopolists controlling sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key products *suffered*
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Roosevelt's real purpose of in getting rid of big business
To prove conclusively that the *government*, not private business, *ruled the country.* Believed in *regulating*, not fragmenting, the big business
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Big business at the end of TR's reign
"healthier" but more "tame" — even gave JP Morgan blessing with US Steel to absorb TN Coal and Iron Company
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Meat companies in Europe
shut out because of unsanitary meat sold
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Upton Sinclair and The Jungle (1906)
Described the *grotesqueness* of Chicago's *slaughterhouses*. Moved readers and even *TR* to appoint an investigating commission
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Meat Inspection Act
(1906) The *preparation* of meat shipped over *state lines* would be subject to federal inspection, regardless of packaging. *Larger companies* saw it as a way to put *smaller competitors out of business*
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Pure Food and Drug Act
(1906) Designed to *prevent* the *mislabeling* of food and pharmaceuticals
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Desert Land Act
(1877) Fed govt *sold arid land cheaply* on the condition that the purchaser *irrigate* the thirsty soil within *three years*
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Forest Reserve Act
(1891) *Authorized* the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves
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Carey Act
(1894) *Distributed* federal land to the states on the condition that it be *irrigated* and *settled*
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Newlands Act
(1902) Fed govt was *authorized* to *collect money* from the *sale of public lands* in the western states and then use the funds for the *development* of *irrigation* projects
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Roosevelt Dam
Arizona Salt River, dedicated to TR in 1911. Resulted in *more dams* in all major western rivers in *upcoming decades*
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TR's nature conservation
Set aside 125 million acres for *federal reserves*. Designated millions of acres of coal deposits and water resources for irrigation and power
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Cause of TR's conservation
- His outdoorsman persona
- Upwelling *national mood* of concern about the disappearance of the *frontier*
- Jack London's Call of the Wild (1903) and other books of nature made the Boy Scouts of America the country's largest youth organization
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Roosevelt's most enduring achievement was:
*preserving* or *conserving* land (IMPORTANT!!)
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Ways people conserved nature
- Middle-class club-women raised money for *nature preserves* and organized the *Massachusetts Audubon Society* (save birds by banning the use of plumes to hats)
- Sierra Club - preserve wilderness of western landscape
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Hetch Hetchy Valley
Government *allowed* San Fran to *build a dam* here in 1913. *Blow to the preservationists*, who wished to project the Yosemite National Park, location of the dam
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Opponents and proponents of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Dam
Opponents: "temple" of nature that should be preserved.
Proponents: Should use nature's resources wisely (TR and Gifford Pinchot)
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"Multiple-use resource management"
*Combined* recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the *same expanse* of federal *land*
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Business influence/characteristics in the West
- *Large companies* found ways to work with the federal conservation programs
- *Individuals and single-person* enterprises had minimal influence and were set aside in favor of efficiency
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Roosevelt in the 1904 election
- Easily elected president in 1904, yet *Republican bosses* found him unpredictable
- Blunder: announced he would *never run* a *third term*
- Platform was stronger *regulation* of *corporations*, *taxing incomes, and protecting workers*
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"Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 / Panic of 1907
- Financial world *blamed TR* for causing it, TR lashed back
- Paved way for fiscal reforms
- Aldrich-Vreeland Act
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Fiscal reforms in the panic of 1907
- Banks unable to increase volume of money in circulation
- Those with ample reserves reluctant to lend to their competitors
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Aldrich-Vreeland Act
*Authorized national banks* to issue *emergency currency* backed by various kinds of collateral. Paved way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In theory, more people could have $, spend it, and help out the economy
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Election of 1908
- Boring.
- Roosevelt hand-picks for Taft
- 421k votes for Eugene V. Debs (Socialism)
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TR's presidency charas
- Political lightning rod to *protect capitalists* against popular resentment and socialism
- *Middle road* between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism
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Lasting achievements of TR's presidency
- Most lasting achievement: *Conservation crusade* (conservationists of wilderness and resource predators)
- *Enlarged power* and prestige of presidential office
- Helped shape the *progressive movement* and reform campaigns later in the century
- Square Deal - grandfather of the New Deal
- Opened the eyes of Americans to the fact that they *shared the world* with other nations
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T/F: Roosevelt busted more trusts than Taft
False, Taft busted almost two times as many trusts
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William Howard Taft, the other bull-necked president
- Reputation as lawyer and judge, regarded as hostile to labor unions, trusted administrator under TR
- Suffered from *political handicaps*: didn't have the charisma of TR, *passive* towards Congress, and *poor judge* of public *opinion*
- Cabinet didn't contain any of the insurgent wing on fire for current issues (tariff)
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Dollar diplomacy
Name applied by Taft's critics to the *policy* of *supporting US investments* and *political interests* abroad. First applied to the financing of the railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua
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In other words: Wall Street bankers encouraged to invest in areas of strategic concern to the US. Helped other countries while made $$ for the US
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The government often encouraged bankers to:
invest their money in foreign places -> strengthened American defenses and foreign policies
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Manchuria
- *Object* of Taft's effort to inject the dollar into the *Far East*
- *Japan* and *Russia* controlled the *RRs* here
- Saw *Chinese economic interests* and a slamming of the *Open Door* in the faces of US merchants
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Philander C. Knox
- Proposed that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the *Manchurian RRs* and turn them over to *China* under a self-liquidating arrangement
- *Japan and Russia rejected* -> Taft ridiculed
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Caribbean involvement
Washington encouraged Wall Street bankers to *pump money* into Honduras and Haiti to *keep out foreign funds*. Couldn't allow other countries to *invade* under the Monroe Doctrine
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American forces in the Caribbean
Disorders in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic made *marines* be *deployed* there
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Taft the Trustbuster
- *Brought more suits against trusts than TR did*
- 1911 - SC demanded the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company (violated Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890) -> rule of reason
- Taft decided to press an antitrust suit against US Steel Corporation -> upset Roosevelt
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"Rule of reason"
Only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal
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Bureau of Mines
Controlled the mineral resources, attempt at conservation by Taft