Plow Agriculture
-Farming using plows pulled by animals→more productive farming→surplus
-Dominated by men b/c men=animals experts led to patriarchy
-Women out of farming and into domestic tasks
Single Story
Dominant narrative that is made from one perspective that is false
Euro-centrism
Christopher Columbus
The ways in which African animals are portrayed with more individuality than its people
Secondary source
Any source created by a historian after the event occurred.
Could create bias if the primary sources they studied had bias
Primary source
Sources made at that period of time where the event occurred
could be biased if the person that witnessed it was biased.
Dominant narrative
widly accepted narrative about anything
Typically created by people in power
usually not true
Eurocentrism
Dominant narrative created by Europeans
for example Mercator maps
Hunter-Gatherer
There was no strict hierarchy among human beings and non-human entities
HGs incorporated ways to reduce self-promotion (for example, insulting the hunter after a large kill) and encourage sharing.
 Because of their probable role in the string revolution, women likely enjoyed high status in HG societies
HG bands that shared their food resources had a better chance of survival by avoiding competition, overexploitation and ownership disputes
Agricultural Revolution
Happened slowly through small changes over generations
People thought it was gonna be easier than killing animals but it was harder
Forager became farmers
agricultural societies caused child mortality to soar
More food → more children/hands→ more children is diseases-ridden settlemetnts→ more child deaths
More births than deaths
Egalitarian
People or an equal society
Ex. Hunter-gatherers were egalitarians
cognitive revoultion hunter gathers
Advancement in human thinking, language, and decsion making
HG’S became smarter
Humans started collaborating
Domestication
The domestication in animals and plants for HG’s that made work easier and made food easier
Led to plow agriculture
Food Surplus
An unnecessary amount of food for society
In order for societies to develop specialization, they typically must first achieve
a political elite controlling the surplus produced by others and taxing them
Led to specializationn
Specialization
Because of surplus, not everyone needed to be a farmer
People would focus on other jobs such as trading items
led to generational wealth because people would leave tools and animals for their kids
Patriarchy
The idea that men>women
Sprouted from plow agriculture because men provided food
Carried over to the government.
Hierarchy
Basically government that has ranks from high power to low power
The main part of the Urban Revolution
Horticulture
Related to cultivation in plants
Typically women specialized in this
Farming plants
Roman Empire
Adopted Christian religion
Had legalism
Had strong core and periphery
good infrastructure like roads and buildings
lasted long time
eventually split up
Pax Romana
Roman Peace or a state of relaxation for the empire such as no wars with other states
Christianity in Rome
Initially Rome were opposed to it but eventually adopted it
Main religion in Rome
Han Dynasty
Used Confucianism which is the idea that everyone is good, through virtue and by example
in their periphery they did not impose Confucian beliefs on the people
Confucianism
Everyone is good, through virtue and by example
Used by Han
Bureaucracy
Basically a triangle that ranks people in the empire
Emperor
Government officials
Merchants
Average citizens
peasants
slaves
Infrastructure
Roads, Bridges, buildings, temples
Strong point of Rome
Core
The center of the empire that is usually where the most important stuff happens
needs to be controlled well
Periphery
The outskirts of the empire,
Han established garrisons and didn’t improved Confucian belief on their periphery
Rome imposed legalistic beliefs on their periphery
Women in Han
Women in Rome
Women in han were viewed as equal, they could get education
Women in Rome were still citizens but didn’t have as many rights men such as voting and laws about their kids
Imagined order
An imagined order is something humanity believes to be real even if one can not physically see it. They create trust between people because if one believes it the next one will too. The three imagined orders were empires, money, and religion.
Abbasid Caliphate
Islamic Empire
Made advancements in math, science, medicine
Created linguistic unity
Spread Islam
Pax Islamica
Period of relative peace and stability in the Islamic world from the 8th to the 13th century. It was characterized by cultural flourishing, trade expansion, and scientific advancements.(Kai)
Muslim/Islam
Made by muhhamed
Follow the Koran
Main religion in Abbasid caliphate
Being Muslim brought benefit
Egalitarian religion
Spread linguistic unity
Black Plague
Disease that wiped almost half of the OWS
Pros are it brought more land since many people died
Spread by Mongols and silk road
Halted trade
Mongols
Biggest empire,
Supported paper money making it global
Increased global trade
Killed many in cold blood especially on silk road
Welcomed foreigners into their land
Linked Europe and Asia
Pax Mongolica
Period of peace and stability across Eurasia during the 13th and 14th centuries under Mongol rule. It facilitated trade, cultural exchange, and the spread of ideas along the Silk Road. (AI)
Silk Road
Largest Trade network that connected the OWS
Reached from Asia to Europe to africa
Exchange of Ideas, services and goods occurred
Swahili coast
An important port for trading
connected Indian ocean trade with Africa
traded luxury goods
was the reason sea trade became popular
became rich from Indian Ocean trade
Indian Ocean Trade
Connected trade through Asia, Islamic world and Africa
changed the way merchants traded
Traded all kinds goods through out the world
Mali Empire
Followed Islam
Main source of gold for the OWS
Controlled all trade in west Africa
welcomed non-muslims into their land
strong school system
Mansu Musa
Muslim who Made a pilgrimage to mecca and gave away a lot of gold. So much gold that the value plummeted to 25%
Ibn Battuta
An explorer who traveled 73000 miles but still stayed in the Muslim world
Shows how large the Muslim world was
Paper Money
Changed curency for the OWS
Initially made in tang and song dynasty(coat idea)
Made trade much easier because one didn’t have to lug around heavy copper coins
More sleek and lighter
Caused trust and unity throughout the OWS
Tang and Song
Created printing
Strong agriculture
Invented paper money
promoted worldly culture
traded with silk road
Crusades
Invaded Jerusalem
initially caused division among the three main religions
Ultimately boosted economy and trade routes across europe
created stability between jews and christians
Inca
Owned machu pichu
good architecture
very good engineering and road system
lived in peru and chile
Maya
from 250-900 bce
had good agriculture
lived in Guatemala
had writing
developed a calendar system
accomplished builders
good astronomy and math
abandoned their cities
Aztec
Lived in mexico
good agriculture
used chimpanas
had a developed bureaucracy
had religious practices for god
had restaurants
Evidence 1
Chinese people realized that paper worked not because it was backed by physical value but because everyone complied that paper could be money(Goldstein 52)
-explain how everyone complying that paper could be money shows how it creates trust between people
-paper money was universal so everyone used it which connected people from far distances
-explain how paper money boosted trade unifying even more
Evidence 2
When archaeologists were excavating in 2018 Peru, they found, An archeologist found a hunting kit with tools that most likely meant women hunted(doc 2)
-explain how both genders’ hunting was the first step to equality and unity
-explain how there can’t be unity if genders are unequal
-Elaborate on how if people are equal it can disrupt unity