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what are the four major responsibilities of the police?
enforcing laws, providing services, preventing crime, and preserving the peace
what is intelligence led policing?
a policing approach that relies on past data to predict future crimes
what is the primary role of the Department of Homeland Security as established in November 2002?
to coordinate federal efforts to protect the United States against international and domestic terrorism
what are the major federal law enforcement agencies under the Department of Justice?
FBI, DEA, ATF, U.S. Marshals Service, IRS
what is the difference between reactive and proactive policing?
reactive policing responds to calls for service, while proactive policing seeks to control or solve the root causes of criminal behavior
what is community policing?
an approach that advocates police-community partnerships and engagement to reduce crime
what is forensic science in the context of criminal justice?
the use of scientific methods to solve crimes
what are the key legal concepts contained within the 4th Amendment?
prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures; requirement of probable cause to issue a warrant
what is the exclusionary rule?
prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in court.
what is the significance of the case Terry v. Ohio?
established that police can stop and frisk if there is reasonable suspicion that a suspect is armed and dangerous
what rights are guaranteed by the 5th Amendment during police custody?
the right to remain silent and the right against self-incrimination
what are the two types of courts in the Dual Court System?
federal and state courts
what is the role of the courtroom work group?
individuals involved with the defendant from arrest until sentencing (bailiff, clerk of the court, court reporters, the judge, the prosecution, the defense attorney)
what are plea bargains?
agreements in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge to receive a lighter sentence
what are the philosophies of sentencing?
retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restorative justice
what is the difference between indeterminate and determinate sentencing?
Indeterminate sentencing has a minimum and maximum length set by a judge, while determinate sentencing has a fixed length that cannot be reduced
what factors influence the sentencing process?
seriousness of the crime, mitigating and aggravating circumstances, and victim impact statements
what is the ruling in Roper v. Simmons?
prohibited the death penalty for juveniles
what does the term 'Victim Impact Statement' refer to?
a statement allowing victims to testify about the impact of the crime during sentencing
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