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57 Terms

1

psychology

the scientific study of mind and behavior

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2

psychology as a science

the science that studies behavior and the physiological; cognitive processes that underline it

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psychology as a profession

the profession that applies accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

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4

Wilhelm Wundt

  • established first laboratory for study of psychology in 1879 in University of Leipzig, Germany

  • developed structuralism

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5

Hermann Ebbinghaus

  • made the first experiment describing memory processes

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6

William james

  • wrote ā€œthe principles of Psychologyā€ textbooks

  • developed functionalism

  • introduced primary and secondary memory

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7

primary memory

everything that you are thinking of right now and held in your conscious thought

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8

secondary memory

memory that has to be retrieved and accessed from long term memory

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9

john b watson

  • study of consciousness abandoned

  • nurture not nature ( how they were raised, environment, experience)

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10

Sigmund Freud

  • studied unconscious mind

  • founded psychoanalytic school of thought

  • unconscious conflict to sexuality plays central role in behavior

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11

Humanism

the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such

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12

Cognitivism

  • focusses on how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind

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13

Little albert experiment

  • done by behaviorist John B Watson, inspired by Ivan Pavlovā€™s dog experiment

  • Classical conditioned into being scared of mice

    presented with white mice while a steel bar was struck with a hammer. After a few sessions he became scared of the mice without the noise

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dualism

the view that mind and body are fundamentally different things

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15

materialism

the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena

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16

realism

perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from sensory organs

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17

idealism

perceptions of the physical world are the brains interpretation of information from sensory organs

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empiricism

all knowledge is acquired through experience

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19

nativism

some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

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structuralism

attempted to isolate and analyze the minds basic elements

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21

introspection

observation of ones own conscious

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22

functionalism

function/ purpose of consciousness

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23

natural selection

specific attributes that become more prevalent in pop. over time

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24

hysteria

loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

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25

unconscious

the part of the mind that contains information of whish people are not aware

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26

psychoanalytic theory

emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

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psychoanalysis

therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds

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28

behaviorism

restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior

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29

principle of reinforcement

any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isnt wont

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30

inattentional blindness

easy to miss important things when attention is diverted

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31

Variables

properties that can take on different values

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32

Operational definitions

  • temporary, working conception of variables

  • aggression

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Reliability & validity

R: consistency

V: what its suppose to measure is measured

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34

Population

group of interest

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35

Sample

subset of population

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Demand Characteristics

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

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Double Blind

researcher nor participant know how the participant are expected to behave

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Rosenthal & Fode study

  • some students asked to measure speed rat learned to navigate maze

  • some were told rat was slow learner, others were told the bred was fast learner

  • students who thought they were measuring slow learner reported rat took longer to navigate ( AND VISE VERSA)

    RESULTS

  • expectation can influence observation and reality

  • The studentā€™s expectations influenced their rats behavior and their observation of it

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Positive correlation

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Negative correlation

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Correlation and causation

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Experiment

manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed

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Independent variable

variable manipulated

  • varies within experiment

  • determined by experimenter

  • Ex: presence/absence of aggressive behavior in film

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Dependent variable

variable possibly affected by manipulation

  • measurement made by experimenter

  • Ex: count number of punches to doll

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45

Experimental and control groups

E: subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

C: similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment

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46

Research ethics

  • beneficence

  • respect for persons

  • justice

  • Federal law

    • ensures both human and animal subjects are treated with dignity

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Deception

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Animal research

  • all procedures must be supervised by psychologist trained in research method and experienced in care of laboratory animals. Ensures appropriate comfort, health, and humane treatment.

  • make effort to minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animals

  • psychologists may use procedure that inflict pain only when there is no alternative and when procedure is justified by scientific, educational, or applied value of the study

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Informed consent

verbal agreement to participant in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

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Debriefing

verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

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51

Parts of a neuron

  • Soma: Cell body

  • Dendrites: receive stimulation

  • Axon: Transmits information to other neurons

  • Myelin Sheath: speeds up transmission

  • Glial cells: structural support & insulation

  • Synapse: point at which neurons interconnect ( there is a gap)

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52

Action potential

a shift in electrical charge that travels along the axon of neurons

( think of hand wave that happens at sport games)

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53

Neurotransmitters

  • Acetylcholine

    • activates muscles

    • attention, memory, learning

    • associated with alzhemersā€™s

  • Dopamine

    • regulates pleasure- seeking

    • high levels associated with schizophrenia

    • low levels associated with parkinsonā€™s

  • Endorphins

    • Pain & emotions (dulls experience of pain)

    • endogenous morphine

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54

Lobes and main functions

  • occipital: vision

  • Parietal: somatosensory

  • temporal: auditory ( hearing and language)

  • Frontal: movement, executive control system

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Brain lateralization

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Corpus collosum & split brain function

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Brain imaging

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