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psychology
the scientific study of mind and behavior
psychology as a science
the science that studies behavior and the physiological; cognitive processes that underline it
psychology as a profession
the profession that applies accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems
Wilhelm Wundt
established first laboratory for study of psychology in 1879 in University of Leipzig, Germany
developed structuralism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
made the first experiment describing memory processes
William james
wrote āthe principles of Psychologyā textbooks
developed functionalism
introduced primary and secondary memory
primary memory
everything that you are thinking of right now and held in your conscious thought
secondary memory
memory that has to be retrieved and accessed from long term memory
john b watson
study of consciousness abandoned
nurture not nature ( how they were raised, environment, experience)
Sigmund Freud
studied unconscious mind
founded psychoanalytic school of thought
unconscious conflict to sexuality plays central role in behavior
Humanism
the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such
Cognitivism
focusses on how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind
Little albert experiment
done by behaviorist John B Watson, inspired by Ivan Pavlovās dog experiment
Classical conditioned into being scared of mice
presented with white mice while a steel bar was struck with a hammer. After a few sessions he became scared of the mice without the noise
dualism
the view that mind and body are fundamentally different things
materialism
the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena
realism
perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from sensory organs
idealism
perceptions of the physical world are the brains interpretation of information from sensory organs
empiricism
all knowledge is acquired through experience
nativism
some knowledge is innate rather than acquired
structuralism
attempted to isolate and analyze the minds basic elements
introspection
observation of ones own conscious
functionalism
function/ purpose of consciousness
natural selection
specific attributes that become more prevalent in pop. over time
hysteria
loss of function that has no obvious physical origin
unconscious
the part of the mind that contains information of whish people are not aware
psychoanalytic theory
emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
psychoanalysis
therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds
behaviorism
restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior
principle of reinforcement
any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isnt wont
inattentional blindness
easy to miss important things when attention is diverted
Variables
properties that can take on different values
Operational definitions
temporary, working conception of variables
aggression
Reliability & validity
R: consistency
V: what its suppose to measure is measured
Population
group of interest
Sample
subset of population
Demand Characteristics
those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
Double Blind
researcher nor participant know how the participant are expected to behave
Rosenthal & Fode study
some students asked to measure speed rat learned to navigate maze
some were told rat was slow learner, others were told the bred was fast learner
students who thought they were measuring slow learner reported rat took longer to navigate ( AND VISE VERSA)
RESULTS
expectation can influence observation and reality
The studentās expectations influenced their rats behavior and their observation of it
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Correlation and causation
Experiment
manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed
Independent variable
variable manipulated
varies within experiment
determined by experimenter
Ex: presence/absence of aggressive behavior in film
Dependent variable
variable possibly affected by manipulation
measurement made by experimenter
Ex: count number of punches to doll
Experimental and control groups
E: subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
C: similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment
Research ethics
beneficence
respect for persons
justice
Federal law
ensures both human and animal subjects are treated with dignity
Deception
Animal research
all procedures must be supervised by psychologist trained in research method and experienced in care of laboratory animals. Ensures appropriate comfort, health, and humane treatment.
make effort to minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animals
psychologists may use procedure that inflict pain only when there is no alternative and when procedure is justified by scientific, educational, or applied value of the study
Informed consent
verbal agreement to participant in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
Debriefing
verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
Parts of a neuron
Soma: Cell body
Dendrites: receive stimulation
Axon: Transmits information to other neurons
Myelin Sheath: speeds up transmission
Glial cells: structural support & insulation
Synapse: point at which neurons interconnect ( there is a gap)
Action potential
a shift in electrical charge that travels along the axon of neurons
( think of hand wave that happens at sport games)
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
activates muscles
attention, memory, learning
associated with alzhemersās
Dopamine
regulates pleasure- seeking
high levels associated with schizophrenia
low levels associated with parkinsonās
Endorphins
Pain & emotions (dulls experience of pain)
endogenous morphine
Lobes and main functions
occipital: vision
Parietal: somatosensory
temporal: auditory ( hearing and language)
Frontal: movement, executive control system
Brain lateralization
Corpus collosum & split brain function
Brain imaging