science test viruses

Which type of immune response is skin?

Which type of immune response is skin?

primary (innate)

Which type of immune response are phagocytes?

primary (innate)

Which type of immune response is a fever?

primary (innate)

Which type of immune response is mucus?

primary (innate)

Which type of immune response are T-Cells?

Secondary (adaptive)

Which type of immune response are B-Cells?

Secondary (adaptive)

Which type of immune response are plasma cells?

Secondary (adaptive)

Which type of immune response are antibodies?

secondary (adaptive)

What are the easiest places for the COVID virus to enter the body?

Through nose and mouth because when a susceptible person breathes in the virus carried in droplets from an infected person coughs, sneezes, sings, or talks.

What does your innate response protect you from?

the body's first line of defense against foreign pathogens, which include viruses.

What does your adaptive response protect you from?

destroy invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. They also remember old viruses and destroy them quicker.

Which immune response is slower?

The innate response (primary)

Which immune response remembers?

Secondary (adaptive)

What is another name for the innate response

Primary

What is another name for the adaptive response

Secondary

What is the primary purpose of DNA?

contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.

Where is DNA located in the cell?

Nucleus

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Describe the three ways that RNA is different from DNA.

RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double-stranded. RNA contains the base Uracil, DNA contains thymine instead. RNA contains the sugar Ribose, DNA has Deoxyribose instead

What are the three types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

What is mRNAs purpose

instructs cells in the body to make specific proteins

What is tRNAs purpose

match an mRNA codon with the amino acid it codes for

What is rRNAs purpose

help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein

Where is mRNA found

The nucleus

Where is tRNA found

cytoplasm

Where is rRNA found

the ribosome

Where does transcription take place?

The nucleus

Where does translation take place?

Ribosome

What type of RNA is the “translator”?

tRNA

What is an “insertion” mutation?

When you insert a new nucleotide into a sequence

What is a “deletion” mutation?

When you delete a nucleotide out of  a sequence

What is a “substitution” mutation?

When you change a nucleotide in a sequence

Which of these mutations is considered a “frameshift” mutation?

Insertion and Deletion

Why might a “frameshift” mutation be a major problem?

the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read

Do all mutations cause a change in the amino acid sequence?

Some mutations do not result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein and can be described as silent mutations. base substitutions that result in no change of the amino acid or amino acid functionality when the altered messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated.For example, if the codon AAA is altered to become AAG, the same amino acid lysine

What is the main purpose of a vaccine?

train your body to prevent sicknesses before they even start

How does a vaccine work?

the immune system responds to the antigen as if it were exposed to the actual germ (it makes antibodies and remembers how to defeat it). Then, if the body gets exposed to the actual germ, the immune system can recognize it right away and quickly fight it off to prevent disease

What are the major steps from injection of the vaccine to protection from a virus?

After the body gets injected with the vaccine the immune system will go and try to fight it. Then once they have the memory b-cells will remember the virus and prevent or weaken potential infection later.

What is a vaccine made of?

a version or part of the virus, bacteria, or other pathogen.

What different types of antigens can be injected?

killed, weakened, or synthetically manufactured versions of the disease-causing germ or parts of the germ called antigens. Some newer vaccines contain instructions for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself.

Why does your arm hurt after you get a vaccine

They're designed to start an immune response, which naturally causes an inflammatory reaction in your body. 

Which part of the immune system makes your arm hurt after a vaccine

innate immune cells

Once the vaccine is in your body, what part of the immune system is mainly responsible for attacking the vaccine?

B-cells, T-cells

Which part of the immune system “remembers” the vaccine antigen?

Memory b-cells

What is a B-cell

create a type of protein called an antibody

What is a T-cell

They help your immune system fight germs and protect you from disease.

What is an antibody

recognizes foreign substances like bacteria and viruses, and neutralizes them

What is a memory b-cell

remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.

What does a phagocyte do?

circulate and migrate through tissues to ingest and destroy both microbes and cellular debris.

what do plasma cells do

secreting immunoglobulin or antibodies. (developed from b-cells)

what does skin do in the immune system

it is an active immune organ.

what does mucus do in the immune system

provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection.

what do fevers do in the immune system

increases the performance of immune cells, induces stress on pathogens and infected cells directly, and combines with other stressors to provide a nonspecific immune defense.

What are Macrophages?

destroying infectious organisms that enter the body, clearing cellular debris, and wound healing.

How is rRNA involved in translation and transcription?

reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together.

How is tRNA involved in translation and transcription?

carry amino acids to the ribosome and join with their complementary codons

What are proteins?

They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs

What are amino acids?

the basic building blocks of proteins

How is mRNA involved in translation and transcription?

directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery