American History II Semester 1 Review

Karl Marx

German philospher, created Marxism, argued that the basic force shaping capitalist society was the class struggle between workers and owners. He had a huge influence in Europe. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the four-volume Das Kapital. (1818-1883)

Eugene V. Debs

leader of American Railway Union

Gavrilo Princip

Bosnian revolutionary who shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Ferdinand Foch

French commander of the Allied Forces

Vladmir Lenin

leader of the Bolshebik Party which took control of Russia

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President. Was also an American politician, statesman, soldier, conserationist, naturalist, historian and writer (1858-1919.) established 5 national parks and 51 wildlife reservations

Booker T. Washington

Was An American educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the Unted States. This person was a dominant leader in the African American community and of the contemporary black elite (Active from 1895-1915)

Andrew Carnegie

This person was an industrialist and a philanthropist. He led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. He donated his wealth so that it could be used to establish many colleges, schools, and nonprofits.

Ida Tarbell

a journalist/muckraker who uncovered corruption, took focus on big businesses

Thaddeus Stevens

He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. He was a Radical Republican leader during the 1860s.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. Was a democrat and also served as the Governor of New Jersey before becoming president.

Franklin Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II from 1933-1945. He was a politician and an attorney,

The Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; The stock market plummeting caused people to not be able to repay their loans from the bank. Banks loaned out too much, refused to listen to the Federal Reserve when told to hold back their money. People pulled their money out in a panic; Era was full of mass unemployment. Less jobs equals less money, less money equals bad economy

The Treaty of Versailles

This was signed on June 28th, 1919. Premier Clemenceau of France and British prime minister Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany for making the people of Europe suffer. This treaty contained many terms meant to weaken Germany (says troops are not allowed west of the Rhine River, blames the Germans for the war), allowed allied to demand that Germany pays reparations ($33 Billion), ignored freedom of the seas, free trade, and fair settlement of colonial claims

Progressivism

This movement lasted from the 1890s to the 1910s; Believed that industrialization and urbanization created a lot of social problems. Was lead by journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, and clergy members. Had strong faith in science and technology because of their inventions that changed the world. Journalists called muckrakers during this movement exposed corruptions in different areas.

Reconstruction

from 1865-1877; Lincoln offered amnesty to preserve the peace; was the era after the Civil War in which there was attempts to “rebuild” the country

Ellis Island

Occurred in 1892; 12 million European immigrants passed through here; 3 stories tall

Angel Island

California opened barracks for Asian immigrants in 1910; Most immigrants were young males in their teens or twenties

World War I

this lasted from 1914-1920. France allied with Russia, Britain joined eventually. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia which led to Germany declaring war on Russia and France. Belgium signed a treaty w/ Britain and when Germany invaded Belgium, Britain declared war.

League of Nations

1919; President Wilson came to Paris with 14 points of peace. 14th point created the League of Nations to preserve peace

Why did Democrats oppose "sin taxes" during Reconstruction?

The rich held most of the bonds and the poor were left to pay most of these taxes.

The Great Migration

This lasted from 1910 until 1970. During this, many African Americans moved from the South to the North to escape excessive racism and to have more job opportunities.

Describe how the Emancipation Proclamation affected the Civil War.

This added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically.

Laissez-faire

a policy that stated government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy

Supply

how much of a product is produced

Demand

how much of a product consumers want

Equilibrium

a condition or state in which economic forces are balanced

Gross National Product (GNP)

the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country during one year

Reasons why in the late 1800s workers buying power increased

prices fell faster than wages

Describe how issuing stock allows for corporations to expand.

By selling stock, companies sell of a percentage of their profits in order to spread out the risk and allowing expansion.

Closed shop

employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all time to remain employed

What advantages did big corporations have over small businesses?

They were more established and had greater access to funding

Plessy v. Ferguson

Homer Adolph Plessy (who is only one-eighth African American) was arrested for sitting in an only-whites section of the train. The Supreme Court upheld the separate but equal law/rule

Describe “deflation” and explain why it hurts farmers

this is is when the volume of available money goes down which dramatically decreases prices. This hurt farmers because the value of their crops went down because no one could afford them. They eventually lost their land because they couldn’t afford to pay their mortgage or loans off.

In the late 1800s, explain why many rural Americans moved to the cities

Jobs in factories opened up and were hiring anyone, so people moved to the cities to work.

Explain the living conditions of the urban poor in the late 1800s.

They lived in crowded tenement houses and cramped apartments with terrible ventilation and substandard plumbing and sanitation. This caused diseases to run rampant through households and buildings

In the mid-1800s explain the opposition to unions and how industry owners and government responded to union organization and activities.

The workers wanted better working conditions, more pay, and shorter working hours. The government preformed lock outs (locking them out of the building and refuse to pay them), hire others in their place who are willing to work, and make their workers sign oaths that they wouldn’t participate in these protests

How did major U.S. cities try to solve congestion during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Mass transit, in the form of trolleys, cable cars, and subways, was built, and skyscrapers began to dominate city skylines.

Describe yellow journalism and the role it played in America’s declaration of war against Spain

Yellow journalism was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts.  It was one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States.

What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China?

Allows protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

What were Theodore Roosevelt’s views on trusts?

He was fine with them unless they were hurting the people

What role did progressives think the government should play in solving society’s problems?

Progressives were interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society. These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.