APUSH Period 2 IDs

Jamestown

England's 1st permanent New World settlement.

John Smith

"No work, no eat," skilled in Indian relations, but no cash crop.

John Rolfe

Development of tobacco, married Pocahontas.

cash crop

Readily salable crop

starving time

John Smith returned to England, not enough food over the winter, cannibalism.

House of Burgess

In Jamestown, 1st elected legislative assembly in the New World, beginnings of representative democracy.

George Calvert

"Lord Baltimore," founded Maryland as haven for Catholics.

Act of Toleration

Allowed all Christian religions in Maryland.

charter colonies

A colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle.

proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals who were granted charters of ownership by the king.

royal colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors he appointed.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia colony, very harsh and banned slavery.

soil butchery

Excessive farming led to depletion of nutrients in the soil. Led to looking for new land in the West.

John Calvin

French, developed Calvinism which attracted some protestants.

Martin Luther

Critic of Roman Catholic Church, 95 theses.

predestination

Associated w/ Calvinism, "God has already chosen who will be saved," used as an excuse for killing off Natives.

visible saints

In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expect to lead godly lives.

salvation by works

Salvation determined by good works: obedience to commandments, obedience to religious leaders, and participation in specific ordinances or rituals.

salvation by faith

Doctrine of Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther).

Henry VIII

Established Anglican Church (Church of England) when pope wouldn't let him get a divorce.

Puritans

Wanted to "purify" Church of England, came to Mass Bay to have religious freedom.

Separatists

"Congregationalists," more extreme than Puritans.

Pilgrims

Separatists, went to Nds and then to America for religious freedom. Rode on the Mayflower.

Mayflower Compact

Bound the Pilgrims together and to God.

William Bradford

Pilgrim, 2nd governer of Mass Bay Colony, good leader: est. private land ownership, helped colonists get out of debt, helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

John Winthrop

Est. Mass Bay colony, "city on a hill" speech.

Great Puritan Migration

Migrated to N and S America because thought Church of England was beyond reform.

"city of god"

No separation of Church and State.

"city on a hill"

Speech by John Winthrop, American Exceptionalism.

General court

Elected representative assembly, early form of Puritan democracy.

John Cotton

Criticized the Church of England and fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules.

Protestant work ethic

Religious emphasis on the necessity of constant work in a person's life as an expression of moral virtue.

"blue laws"

Prohibited certain private activities people considered immoral, such as drinking alcohol on Sundays.

Anne Hutchinson

Antinomianism: believers should only worry about God's law and not the law of the land.

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island colony, believed in sep. of Church and State, Natives' religion MIGHT be acceptable to God, crown didn't have authority to issue charters in New World (land belongs to Natives).

Thomas Hooker

Established colony of Connecticut.

Fundamental Orders

In Connecticut, 1st full constitution in the colonies.

Ferdinando Gorges

Proprietor of Maine until it became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

New England Confederation

Formed to provide for the defense of Mass. Bay, Plymouth, and Connecticut colonies, acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

John Mason

Founded New Hampshire as an escape for those restricted by religious and economic rules made by Puritans.

King Philip's War

Battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags because people were taking Native land, colonists won.

Dominion of New England

Formed by King James in order to "protect" (control) colonies, appointed Andros as royal governor.

Edmund Andros

Royal governor of the Dominion of New England.

mecantilism

An economic system which increases wealth by government control of trade and commercial interests.

Trade and Navigation Acts

Goods going to and from colonies travel on English ships w/ English crews, certain goods sent only to Britain (cash crops), all imports to colonies must go through England, colonies banned from manufacturing certain goods. Positively impacted colonial economy. Made mercantilism into English law.

Glorious Revolution

Replaced James II with William and Mary. Virtually bloodless. Colonies arrested Andros soon after.

Headright System

50 acres of land given to colonists who brought indentured servants to America.

indentured servants

Migrant agrees to work for person who paid their way to the New World for a certain amount of time, usually 7 years.

New Sweden

1st successful settlement in Delaware.

Peter Stuyvesant

Governor of Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by colonists. Surrendered colony to English.

patroonship system

Tried to bring the feudal system to the New World; bring 50 people and get 16 mi of riverfront land extending as far back as could control. Dutch attempt to attract colonists.

New Netherland

Settled by the Dutch, hard to get people to settle. Became New York.

William Penn

Father owed a debt by the crown (helped w/ restoration of monarchy), so given charter for Pennsylvania colony. Quaker.

Quakers

Believed in gender and racial equality, pacifism (against war), had unprogrammed services.

"the Holy experiment"

In the colony of Pennsylvania to see if religious freedom would work.

Bacon's Rebellion

Francis Bacon was a debtor and made threats on the capital. A group burned Jamestown, but were caught and sentenced to death.

Middle Passage

The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

slave codes

Denied slaves basic fundamental rights and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Triangular Trade Routes

England produced manufactured goods for the Colonies. Colonies produced raw materials for the Indies and England, and rum for Africa. Indies produced sugar for the Colonies. Africa produced slaves for the Colonies and the West Indies.

plantation system

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. Focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

township system

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior.

public education

Taught reading so that everyone could read the bible.

parochial education

Church-affiliated schools, wanted future generations to maintain religious and cultural traditions.

tutor system/apprenticeships

Taught boys a trade or girls home training. Used over schools in the South because people dispersed over large areas.

Harvard College

First institution for higher education, initially to train ministers.

William and Mary

Rulers that took over after the Glorious Revolution, had virtually no power because Parliament made itself the ruling power.

town meetings

Democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. The town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.

halfway covenant

Children of members of Puritan Church had partial/half membership in Church. Hoped it would encourage next generation to stay Puritan.

salem witch trials

Outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Mass. Bay Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress.

Pennsylvania Dutch

Large numbers of German speaking protestants that migrated in search of religious freedom.

Scotch-Irish

the most numerous of newcomers to America, Presbyterians who had previously settled in N Ireland came to America were often squatters.

Mass. School Laws

First public education legislation in America: towns with 50 or more families had to hire a teacher and towns with over 100 families had to have a schoolhouse.

Huguenots

French Calvinists who came to America for religious freedom.

social mobility

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another.

artisans

Skilled workers who made goods by hand, many migrated to the New World.

social stratification

The condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group.

yeoman farmers

Family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient.

fall line

Boundary in Eastern US where the higher land of the Piedmont drops to the Atlantic coastal plain.

naval stores

Products of pine forest used in wooden shipbuilding and maintenance.

Great Awakening

Led to denominational changes, interest in religion, religion in the frontier, "significance of common man" (the individual), questioning of authority (led to American Revolution).

Jonathan Edwards

"Sinners in the hands of an angry God" (new light), Great Awakening.

George Whitefield

Preached to large numbers, Great Awakening.

old lights

Resulted from Great Awakening, more traditional.

new lights

Resulted from Great Awakening, more modern and progressive.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe because of discoveries in the field of electricity.

Iroquois

A confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state.

King William's War

England vs France with Natives on both sides, no land changed hands, English courts for Trade and Navigation Act violations established.

Queen Anne's War

English regained land in Canada (Newfoundland) and Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay area.

King George's War

French "attack" on Boston.

buffer colony

Refers to the colony of Georgia; served as a "buffer" between the colonies and Spanish Florida.

War of Jenkins' Ear

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border.

Maroon communities

Communities of escaped/runaway slaves in Florida and the Great Dismal Swamp.

religious hybridization

The joining of different religions to create a new religion. In slave communities.