Ascaridida other Families

To which taxonomic order do the families Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, and Kathlaniidae belong?

Order Ascaridida

In which specific host anatomical system do members of the Family Heterakidae primarily reside?

The intestinal tract of fowls.

How many well-developed lips are characteristic of the Family Heterakidae?

3

Which morphological feature of the Family Heterakidae is divided into a short pharynx, a cylindrical middle, and a posterior bulb?

Club/bulb-shaped esophagus

In the Family Heterakidae, which genus is the exception to having a three-part esophagus with a posterior bulb?

Genus Ascaridia

What is the length relationship between the paired spicules in male Heterakidae?

Unequal in length

Which term describes the reproductive method of Family Heterakidae, involving oval and thick-shelled eggs?

Oviparous

What type of life cycle is exhibited by the Family Heterakidae?

Monoxenous life cycle

What is the infective stage for nematodes in the genus Heterakis?

$L2$

What is the infective stage for nematodes in the genus Ascaridia?

$L2$

What is the common name for the nematode Heterakis gallinarum?

Cecal worm

Although Heterakis gallinarum is nonpathogenic, it is significant as a vector for which protozoan?

Histomonas meleagridis

What is the approximate length range for female Heterakis gallinarum?

$10\text{-}15\text{ cm}$

What is the approximate length range for male Heterakis gallinarum?

$7\text{-}13\text{ cm}$

Which two caudal features are found in male Heterakis gallinarum?

Caudal alae and precloacal sucker

What is the primary parasitic site for Heterakis gallinarum in fowls?

Cecal tonsils

What is the common name for Ascaridia galli?

Large roundworm

Which avian nematode is described as the 'largest roundworm in fowls'?

Ascaridia galli

According to the source material, what is the approximate length of a female Ascaridia galli?

$115\text{ cm}$

According to the source material, what is the approximate length of a male Ascaridia galli?

$76\text{ cm}$

Describe the spicule length relationship in male Ascaridia galli.

Almost equal

At what age do birds typically develop resistance to Ascaridia galli infection?

3 months old

What is the specific parasitic site for Ascaridia galli within the host?

Small intestine (S.I.)

Describe the shell morphology of a Heterakis egg.

Thick and smooth

Which parasite produces the largest helminth egg found in avian feces?

Ascaridia galli

Where does the Heterakis gallinarum $L2$ hatch after ingestion?

Small intestines

On which day of the Heterakis gallinarum life cycle do larvae enter the cecal mucosal wall?

Day 4

During which day range of the Heterakis gallinarum life cycle are eggs shed in the feces?

Day $24\text{-}30$

Unlike Heterakis, where does Ascaridia galli remain from hatching until maturity?

Small intestine

What is the timeline for Ascaridia galli eggs to be shed in the feces following infection?

Week $5\text{-}8$

What role can an earthworm play in the life cycle of Heterakis gallinarum or Ascaridia galli?

Paratenic host

Members of the Family Oxyuridae primarily parasitize which part of the intestinal tract?

Large intestines

What is the defining characteristic of the Oxyuridae esophagus?

Prominent posterior bulb

What is the characteristic appearance of a mature female Oxyuridae tail?

Long and tapering ("pin-like")

Describe the male reproductive apparatus in the Family Oxyuridae.

One spicule and an expanded caudal alae

What is the characteristic shape of Oxyuridae eggs?

Flattened on one side

What is the infective stage for species within the Family Oxyuridae?

$L3$

Identify the definitive host for Oxyuris equi.

Equines

Identify the definitive host for Enterobius vermicularis.

Primates and man

Identify the definitive host for Syphacia obvelata and S. muris.

Rodents

Identify the definitive host for Passalurus ambiguus.

Lagomorphs

Identify the definitive host for Skrjabinema ovis.

Small ruminants

How does a mature female Oxyuris equi deposit its eggs?

Reaches out of the rectum to glue eggs to the perianal area.

What is the common name for Enterobius vermicularis?

Human pinworm

At what time of day does the female Enterobius vermicularis typically crawl out of the anus to lay eggs?

At night

What is the approximate length of a female Oxyuris equi?

$15\text{ cm}$

What is the approximate length of a female Enterobius vermicularis?

$1.3\text{ cm}$

How long is the period from infection to fecal shedding in Oxyuris equi?

$4\text{-}6\text{ months}$

Where do Oxyuris equi $L3$ larvae travel after hatching in the small intestine?

Mucosal crypts of the colon and caecum

At what month do Oxyuris equi $L5$ larvae sexually mature?

Month 4

What is the clinical term for the tail condition in horses caused by pruritus ani from Oxyuris equi?

"Rat-tail" appearance

Which family in Order Ascaridida is generally similar to Oxyuridae but features viviparous females?

Family Kathlaniidae

Describe the internal development cycle that makes Kathlaniidae a 'perpetual parasite' inside its host.

L1 laid in the colon can directly develop to L3 and then to mature adults.

What is the importance of the species Probstmayria vivipara?

It is a member of Family Kathlaniidae that infects equines.

To which order does Ophidascaris robertsi belong?

Order Ascaridida

Where is Ophidascaris robertsi native to?

Australia and Papua New Guinea

Does Ophidascaris robertsi have a monoxenous or heteroxenous life cycle?

Heteroxenous

Identify the definitive host for Ophidascaris robertsi.

Carpet pythons (Morelia spilota)

What are the parasitic sites for Ophidascaris robertsi in its definitive host?

Esophagus and stomach

What animals serve as the intermediate host for Ophidascaris robertsi?

Small mammals (including marsupials)

What role do humans play in the life cycle of Ophidascaris robertsi?

Accidental, dead-end hosts

What is the medical significance of Ophidascaris robertsi?

It is the first reported case of human infection by this ophidian ascarid.

In Heterakis gallinarum, where do the $L2$ larvae reside on Day 4 post-infection?

Caecal mucosal wall

Identify the stage of Ascaridia galli that hatches in the small intestine.

$L2$

Which Oxyuridae species is found in primates?

Enterobius vermicularis

What morphological feature distinguishes the mature female Oxyuris equi tail?

It is long and tapering.

What is the specific location of Oxyuris equi eggs on a horse?

Glued to the perianal area

What is the effect of Oxyuris equi on the horse's behavior leading to hair loss at the tail base?

Pruritus ani (anal itching)

How does the survival of Kathlaniidae $L1$ larvae outside the environment compare to others?

They cannot survive long outside the host environment.

Name the equine parasite that is viviparous and resides in the large intestine.

Probstmayria vivipara

What specific diagnostic image shows 'immature Oxyuris equi on colonic mucosal surface'?

Colonoscopy of a horse

The eggs of Oxyuris equi are described as having a _ on one side.

Operculum

Which life stage of Heterakis gallinarum is found in the caecal lumen on Day 5?

L2 (which then molts to L3,L4, and L5)

What host animal is associated with Skrjabinema ovis?

Small ruminants

What is the common name for members of the Family Oxyuridae?

Pinworms