Microbiology - Exam 2 Pt. 2 (NS & Eyes)

The CNS is an _______ environment meaning it should be free of microbes

axenic

What are the 2 ways bacteria can cause disease in the NS?

infect cells of NS

release toxins that affect neurons

Which 2 bacterial diseases are associated with infecting cells of the NS?

meningitis

leprosy

Which 2 bacterial diseases are associated with bacteria releasing toxins that affect neurons?

botulism

tetanus

Which bacterial disease is characterized by severe headache, nuchal rigidity, high fever and severe meningeal inflammation?

bacterial meningitis

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis...

Neisseria meningitdis

Haemohilus influenzae b

Are gram...?

gram (-)

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis...

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Listeria monocytogenes

Streptococcus aggalactiae

Are gram...?

gram (+)

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis, which is acquired during birth and most commonly in babies less than 3 months old?

streptococcus agalactiae (+)

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis, which is transmitted via respiratory droplets and most commonly in children under 5?

haemophilus influenzae b (-)

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis, which is transmitted via respiratory droplets and most most commonly in adults?

streptococcus pneumoniae (+)

AKA the pneumococcus

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis, which is transmitted via contaminated food?

Which populations are at the greatest risk?

listeria monocytogenes

pregnant women and babies because it can cross the placenta**

What is the ONLY known person to person spread of listeriosis?

pregnancy

Which bacterial disease is characterized by a purple spotted rash and affects college students in dorms 23x?

meningococcal meningitis

Of the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis, which is associated with meningococcal meningitis AKA meningococcus?

Neisseria meningitidis

Which bacterial disease is the MOST common cause of meningitis in individuals under 20 and can be fatal within 6 hours of initial symptoms?

Meningococcal Meningitis

How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed?

spinal tap of CSF

Are you adjusting someone with bacterial meningitis?

NO - medical emergency

Which bacterial disease is characterized by skin sores and discoloration and thrives in cooler regions affecting the fingers, toes, lips, earlobes, etc...

Leprosy

Which type of leprosy do individuals with a strong immune system tend to have?

Is it progressive?

Tuberculoid Leprosy

nonprogressive

Which type of leprosy do individuals with a weak immune system tend to have?

Is it progressive?

lepromatous leprosy

progressive, gradual loss/very slow

T/F? Death from leprosy is rare

True because onset is very gradual (5-10 years)**

Which pathogen is associated with leprosy?

Mycobactrium leprae

How is leprosy transmitted?

person to person

breaks in skin

handling armadillos

How is leprosy treated?

MULTIPLE antibiotics, usually lifelong treatment

Are you adjusting someone with Leprosy?

Yes BUT if they continue to have loss of sensation, refer

Which bacterial disease is characterized by a rapid intoxication that binds irreversibly to nerve terminals DECREASING the release of Ach and producing flaccid paralysis**?

Botulism

What are the 3 forms of Botulism?

foodborne

infant

wound

What pathogen is associated with Botulism?

What does it produce?

clostridum botulinum

7 neurotoxins that are the deadliest toxins known**

Which form of botulism is associated with diplopia, dilated pupils, progressive paralysis, and death via asphyxiation?

foodborne

How is foodborne botulism most commonly acquired?

home-canned foods

Which form of botulism has signs and symptoms referred to as "floppy baby syndrome"?

What age range is most commonly affected?

infant

6 weeks - 6 months (lack microbial antagonism)

Infants less than ____ year old should NOT be given what?

(bonus question)**

1 year old

honey or corn syrup

How does wound botulism differ from foodborne botulism?

wound = NO GI involvement

Are you adjusting someone with Botulism?

NO - medical emergency

Which bacterial disease is characterized by tightening of neck and jaw muscles followed by risus sardonicus and spastic paralysis?

Tetanus AKA Lockjaw

Which pathogen is associated with Tetanus?

What is the associated neurotoxin called?

clostridium tetani

tetanospasmin

In severe cases, both botulism and tetanus can lead to death by asphyxiation...

Which can you not exhale?

Which can you not inhale?

exhale = tetanus

inhale = botulism

The toxin associated with Tetanus blocks the release of what?

This causes uncontrolled release of what?

GABA, inhibitory neurotransmitters

Ach

T/F/ Tetanus is caused by rust

False! caused by endospores under the rust that are shielded from O2

What is the most common mode of transmission for tetanus?

break in skin especially puncture wounds

primary source = needle stick

What is neonatal tetanus most commonly from?

infected umbilical stump

Which bacterial disease is characterized by spastic paralysis?

Which is characterized by flaccid paralysis?

spastic = tetanus

flaccid = botulism

The highest mortality rates of tetanus is what population?

unvaccinated, over 60 years

Are you adjusting someone with Tetanus?

No - red flags, medical emergency

T/F? Viral diseases of the nervous system are MORE common than bacterial and fungal infections

True - viruses can cross BBB easier (smaller)

Which viral disease is characterized by headache, nuchal rigidity, and fever, and is rarely fatal?

Viral Meningitis AKA aseptic meningitis

T/F? Viral Meningitis is the MOST severe form

False - bacterial is MOST severe

viral is usually milder than bacterial AND fungal

90% of viral meningitis cases are caused by viruses in what genus?

Enterovirus

What is the MOST COMMON cause of viral meningitis?

spread via respiratory droplets and feces

How is viral meningitis diagnosed?

absence of bacteria in CSF

T/F? You can differentiate between viral and bacterial meningitis based on the symptoms alone

False - need CSF cultured, symptoms appear same

Are you adjusting someone with viral meningitis?

No - refer if you see 3 red flags

Which viral disease is asymptomatic in 90% of cases and is most commonly transmitted b y drinking contaminated water?

Poliomyelitis

Which type of initial infection of Polio is characterized by nonspecific flu-like symptoms?

Minor Polio

Which type of initial infection of Polio is characterized by invading meninges causing muscle spasms and back pain?

Paralytic Polio

What is it called if Poliomyelitis reappears 15-40 years after initial dx?

Postpolio Syndrome

Who is attributed for the inactivated polio vaccine? (IPV)

Jonas Salk

Who is attributed for the oral (live) polio vaccine? (OPV)

Albert Sabin

As of 2022, Polio remains and endemic in what 2 countries?

Afghanistan and Pakistan

T/F? There is NO cure for polio

True

How is poliomyelitis treated?

antibiotics - UNIQUE** (viral)

analgesics

How is Poliomyelitis diagnosed?

stool sample or swab of pharynx

Which viral disease is characterized by initial pain, itching, fever, malaise and can progress to neurological manifestations such as hydrophobia, seizures, and paralysis?

Rabies

What pathogen is associated with rabies?

What SHAPE does it resemble?

Rabies virus

bullet-shaped capsid

_____ are the source of MOST Rabies in the US

bats

T/F? Bats are the only known reservoir of rabies virus

False - dogs, skunks, raccoons, foxes, cats

What is the most common mode of transmission for Rabies?

bite via break in skin

What histological feature is diagnostic for Rabies virus?

Negri bodies

How is Rabies treated in humans?

human rabies immune globulin

HDCV vaccine

Are you adjusting someone with Rabies?

No - medical emergency, refer!

T/F? Arboviruses are zoonotic and they rarely affect humans

True

Arboviruses usually caused _______ symptoms

BUT if they cross the BBB, they cause what?

mild, coldlike symptoms

encephalitis

Which viral disease is mostly found around horses and contributes to fever, muscle pain, HA, vomiting, and seizures 3-10 days after exposure? (note: it mimics meningitis symptoms)

Eastern/Western/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Which Equine Encephalitis is found EAST of the Mississippi?

EEE Equine Encephalitis

Which Equine Encephalitis is found WEST of the Mississippi?

WEE Equine Encephalitis

Between EEE and WEE Equine Encephalitis, which has a higher fatality rate?

EEE

What is the vector for Equine Encephalitis?

What is the reservoir?

vector = mosquito

reservoir = birds

Which viral disease is characterized by mild illness and mainly affects the US with sporadic cases in Canada and Mexico?

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus

Which viral disease is characterized by 80% of people being asymptomatic, a mosquito vector, crows and other wild birds as the reservoir, AND seasonally epidemic/endemic in North America?

West Nile Encephalitis Virus

How can you prevent West Nile Encephalitis Virus?

avoid handling dead birds

Which viral disease is characterized by initial viremia, mild symptoms, a mosquito vector, and chipmunks/squirrels as the reservoir?

California (La Crosse) Encephalitis Virus

Which viral disease is characterized by sore muscles and fever, a tick vector, and rodents as the reservoir?

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

What is a common mode of transmission for Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus?

drinking unpasteurized milk

How are all arboviral encephalitis viruses confirmed?

antibodies in CSF, spinal tap

Are you adjusting someone with any Arboviral Encephalitis Virus?

No because all mimic symptoms of meningitis so refer

Which viral disease is characterized by fever, maculopapular rash, and conjunctivitis?

Zika Virus

What pathogen is associated with Zika virus?

Zika Virus (arbovirus)

What is the vector for Zika virus?

What are 2 other common methods of transmission?

vector = mosquito

pregnancy, cross placenta

sexually trasmitted

How is Zika virus diagnosed?

hx of travel, confirmed with urine or blood test

Mycoses of the nervous system are spread from the ______ to the CNS via the _______

lungs to CNS via blood

Which fungal disease is characterized by HA, nuchal rigidity, fever, and in severe cases can progress to loss of vision?

Cryptococcal Meningitis (fungal)

What pathogen is associated with cryptococcal meningitis?

cryptococcus neoformans

How is cryptococal meningitis typically transmitted?

inhalation and bird droppings

Which population is at an increased risk for cryptococcal meningitis?

terminal AIDS patients

Are you adjusting someone with cryptococcal meningitis?

No - medical emergency

What is the order of meningitis types from MOST common to LEAST common?

1. viral

2. bacterial

3. fungal

What is the order of meningitis from MOST to LEAST severe?

1. bacterial

2. fungal

3. viral

What protozoan disease is characterized by cyclical waves of parasitemia with the patient often dying within 6 months of onset?

African Sleeping Sickness AKA Trypanosomiasis (HAT)

In African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

1. fly bite becomes dead tissue

2. fever/lymph node swelling

What happens in the most severe, third stage?

3. meningoencephalitis and extreme drowsiness

Which pathogen is associated with African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)?

trypanosoma brucei