Immunisation and Vaccination

links week 8

What best describes the spectrum of vaccine effectiveness in a population?

A. The proportion of vaccinated individuals who experience no adverse effects
B. The absolute number of antibodies produced post-vaccination
C. The range from complete individual protection to reduction in disease transmission at the population level
D. The likelihood of antigenic drift occurring post-vaccination

The range from complete individual protection to reduction in disease transmission at the population level

What defines passive immunization in contrast to active immunization?

A. It induces long-lasting immunity through memory cell formation
B. It requires exposure to a live attenuated pathogen
C. It involves direct transfer of preformed antibodies for immediate protection
D. It relies solely on T cell activation without antibody production

It involves direct transfer of preformed antibodies for immediate protection

How do maternal antibodies provide immunity to the newborn?

A. By stimulating the newborn's B cells to produce antibodies
B. By integrating into the newborn's genome for long-term immunity
C. By passive transfer of antibodies that neutralize pathogens during early life
D. By promoting the development of the thymus

By passive transfer of antibodies that neutralize pathogens during early life

What is the first class of antibodies produced after exposure to an antigen?

A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM

IgM

What characterises the secondary immune response compared to the primary response?

A. Predominant production of IgM and slower onset of response
B. Reliance on naïve lymphocytes and low-affinity antibodies
C. Faster onset, higher antibody affinity, and predominant IgG production
D. Exclusive activation of innate immune cells

Faster onset, higher antibody affinity, and predominant IgG production

What is the primary role of B cells in the adaptive immune response?

A. Phagocytosis of pathogens
B. Presentation of antigen via MHC class I to CD8+ T cells
C. Production of antibodies and antigen presentation via MHC class II
D. Direct killing of infected cells

Production of antibodies and antigen presentation via MHC class II

Why can live attenuated vaccines be problematic in certain individuals?

A. They do not elicit a strong immune response
B. They require multiple booster doses to be effective
C. They may revert to a virulent form or cause disease in immunocompromised hosts
D. They cannot induce memory cell formation

They may revert to a virulent form or cause disease in immunocompromised hosts

How are inactivated vaccines typically produced?

A. By removing all antigenic components and leaving only genetic material
B. By chemically or physically killing the pathogen while preserving its antigenic structure
C. By using live but genetically engineered non-pathogenic microbes
D. By isolating only viral nucleic acids for immune stimulation

By chemically or physically killing the pathogen while preserving its antigenic structure

What is the primary function of adjuvants in vaccines?

A. To neutralize toxins produced by pathogens
B. To promote antigen degradation and clearance
C. To enhance the immune response by stimulating innate immunity
D. To replace the need for booster doses

To enhance the immune response by stimulating innate immunity

What is the significance of memory B cells in the context of vaccination?

A. They neutralise pathogens immediately upon vaccine administration
B. They prevent the need for T cell activation
C. They provide rapid and enhanced antibody production upon re-exposure to the antigen
D. They phagocytose antigens at the site of injection

They provide rapid and enhanced antibody production upon re-exposure to the antigen

Vaccines are ______. The same vaccine can be given to 200 people, and those 200 people will have different levels of protection.

variant

Passive immunisation involves giving__to a person currently suffering from an___

antibodies infection

Maternal antibodies are an example of P I

passive immunization.

1. The first class of antibodies produced after exposure to an antigen is usually ___.

IgM

1. The secondary immune response is characterized by a higher magnitude of ___antibodies.

IgG

___cells are responsible for producing A_____and turning into M___cells.

B antibodies memory

The ideal vaccine generates a good ____ response, a good ___response, and a good m_____

B cell T cell memory respones

Live attenuated vaccines are problematic because they can sometimes become ___.

Virulent

BLANK vaccines involve treating the P with heat or chemicals until it dies.

inactive, pathogen

Adjuvants are substances that trigger P____ R _ _ _ receptors to drive co-stimulation.

pattern recognition