Bio112 Chapter 1

ECPI LPN

Negative Feedback

Reverse disturbance to body's condition. Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body. (Thermostat)

Positive Feedback

Uncommon, the change/deviation is intensified, instead of reversed. Short lived. Produces unstable conditions that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis but they will. (Childbirth and blood clotting)

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

-stasis

standing still

peri-

around

Hypo-

Under, beneath, low, below normal

Hyper-

Over, excessive, above, beyond

Epi-

On, upon,over, on top of

Pariet-

Wall

Visc-

internal organs

Mediastinum

Region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus gland

Contralateral

opposite side

Ipsilateral

same side

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions. Necessary for survival.

What does anatomy study?

the form and structure of the body

What does physiology study?

how the body functions

1. Subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons that make atoms

2. Atom

The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

3. Molecule

Particles consisting of atoms joined together (Water/glucose)

4. Macromolecule

Large particles consisting of molecules (DNA/protein)

5. Organelle

Functional part of a cell (mitochondrion/lysosome)

6. Cell

Basic unit of structure and function of life (muscle/nerve/blood cell)

7. Tissue

Layer or mass of cells with specific functions (adipose tissue)

8. Organ

Group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney stomach)

9. Organ System

Group of organs with common function (Digestive system)

10. Organism

Composed of organ systems interacting (Human)

Integumentary system

(Skin)Protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, and production of Vitamin D.

Skeletal System

Framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support and movement.

Muscular System

movement, main source of body heat, maintenance of posture

Nervous System

Detects changes, receives and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands

Endocrine System

Control metabolic activities of body structure

Sagittal

divides body into left and right

Mid-sagittal/ Median Section

divides body into equal left and right portions

Parasagital

divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Transverse

divides body into superior and inferior

Coronal/Frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

dorsal cavity

Back (Contains cranial and Vertebral)

cranial cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity

contains the spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Front, the diaphragm divides it into 2 (Thoracic and Abdominopelvic)

Thoracic Cavity

contains heart and lungs

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serous Membrane

a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body

Visceral Layer

covers organ

Parietal Layer

lines cavity

Anatomical Postion

Standing erect with feet flat on the floor, face and eyes facing forward and arms at their sides with palms facing forward

Superior

Above

Inferior

below

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline

Bilateral

both sides

Ipisilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

Proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

Distal

Farther to point of attachment to trunk

Superficial

Close to body surface (small scratch)

Deep

more internal (stab wound)

Axial Portion

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular Portion

upper and lower limbs

Reproductive System

system of organs involved in producing offspring

cardiovascular system

transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells and wastes

lymphatic system

Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, body defense

digestive system

Receives food, breaks down food, excretes waste

respiratory system

exchange of gases

urniary system

Removes blood wastes, regulated electrolyte and water balance, blood pressure