DNA, Transcription and Translation (F)

What does a DNA have inside of it?

The instructions for growth and development of all organisms

What is DNA?

The genetic material that determines the characteristics of all living organisms

What is DNA contained in?

chromosomes

Is DNA a monomer or a polymer?

A polymer

What are the monomers in DNA called?

nucleotides

What do nucleotides come together to form?

A strand of DNA

What form does DNA take?

A double helix

What shape is a double helix?

A double stranded spiral

What is a double helix made out of?

Sugar - phosphate backbone and base pairs

What are the four types of bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

What is complementary base pairing?

When two bases pair up together in the same way

What base does Adenine pair with?

Thymine

What base does Cytosine pair with?

Guanine

What base does Guanine pair with?

Cytosine

What base does Thymine pair with?

Adenine

What does DNA contain?

Genetic code which contains information needed to make proteins

What are proteins made of?

chains of molecules called amino acids

What changes the type of protein that is created?

The amount and order of amino acids in a chain

What is the triplet code?

The order of bases in DNA that dictates which amino acids will be used to build the protein.

What does the triplet code contain?

All the information to code for a specific amino acid

What determines the type of amino acid created?

The order of base / triplet code

What are the two steps of proteinsynthesis?

transcription and translation

What is created during transcription?

mRNA

What does mRNA do?

Contains a copy of DNA codes to make a protein

What is the difference between mRNA and DNA?

mRNA is much shorter and is only single stranded whilst DNA is double stranded

How can the gene be accessible?

By the two strands of DNA unzipping, the mRNA can then copy the DNA

Where does the mRNA move from and to?

Moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up

What is the active site?

The point where the substrate and enzyme meet

What is enzyme specificity?

When only a certain type of enzyme and substrate can bond

Name 3 factors that affect enzyme rates of reaction

Temperature, pH and concentration

How does temperature affect enzyme rate of reaction?

The higher it is the quicker the enzyme rate of reaction until it surpasses the optimum value causing the active site to denature

How does pH affect enzyme rate of reactivity?

If the pH is too high or too low the active site is denatured however the closer to the optimum pH, the higher the enzyme rate of reaction

How does the enzyme substrate concentration affect enzyme rate of reaction?

The more substrate available the faster the rate of reaction until no further addition of substrate will increase the rate of reaction