cshr 2055- quiz 3 review

Kohls' "The Values Americans Live By"

Individualism, Privacy, Self-help, Competition, Progress, Change, Time & Its Control, Informality, Equality, Materialism/Consumerism

Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck's Value Orientations

Every culture answers 5 main questions: 1. Human Nature, 2. Man-Nature Relationship, 3. Time Orientation, 4. Activity Orientation, 5. Relational Orientation

Human Nature

Good/mixed/evil (cultures vary on what people are like)

Man-Nature Relationship

Humans control nature, nature controls humans, harmony with nature

Time Orientation

Past, Present, Future (U.S. = future)

Activity Orientation

Being, Being-in-becoming, Doing (U.S. = doing)

Relational Orientation

Lineal (hierarchy), Collateral (group/collective), Individual (U.S. = individual)

Hall's High- Context Cultures

Meaning is implicit, rely on relationships and nonverbal cues, Ex. Japan, China, Arab cultures

Hall's Low-Context Cultures

Meaning is explicit and direct, clear and straightforward communication, Ex. U.S

Nonverbal Communication (Functions)

Nonverbal communication can repeat verbal messages, complement (match) verbal messages, Contradict verbal messages, Substitute for words, Regulate interactions, Accentuate (emphasize) words

M-Time (Monochronic)

One tast at a time, strict schedules, punctuality = respect, U.S follows this

P-Time (polychronic)

Multitasking, flexible time, less rigid schedules, many latin American, Arab, African cultures

Hofstede's Value Dimensions

Individualism vs Collectivism, Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity vs Femininity

Individualism vs Collectivism

U.S. is high individualistic

Power distance

High = hierarchy accepted, Low = equality expected (ex. U.S)

Uncertainty Avoidance

High = avoid risks, Low = risk-taking, U.S = relatively low

Masculinity vs Femininity

achievement, competition vs. cooperation, quality of life

Minkov's Cultural Dimensions

Monumentalism vs Flexumility, Exclusionism vs Universalism, Tight vs Loose Cultures

Monumentalism vs Flexumility

fixed identity, pride vs. adaptability, humility

Exclusionism vs Universalism

strong in group/out-group differences vs. equal treatment of all

Tight vs Loose Cultures

strong norms, little deviance vs. weak norms, high tolerance (ex. U.S)

Different forms of Equality

Strict egalitarianism, merit-based equality, social utility, needs/ability (Marx)

Strict egalitarianism

Everyone treated exactly the same

Merit-based equality

treated differently based on skills, talent, effort

Social utility

best for the social good; greatest good for greatest number

Needs/ability (marx)

"From each according to abilities, to each according to needs"

Human Nature (Hobbes)

Humans are naturally selfish and aggressive, need strong authority

Human Nature (Freud)

Humans driven by unconscious desires and impulses

John Locke

Humans are blank slates (tabula rasa); shaped by environment

High Synergy

Collective success, cooperative system, shared resources

Low synergy

Individual competition, self-benefit prioritized (ex. US)

Supernatural/Magico/Religious Perspective

Illness comes from spirits, curses, magic, and divine punishment; Healing through ritual, prayer, and spiritual intervention

Hollistic Perspective

Mind, body, and spirit connected; Health depends on balance and harmony; Focus on lifestyle, environment, and relationships

Scientific/Biomedical Perspective

Western medical model; Illness = biological cause; Uses medicine, surgery, tests; Patient autonomy emphasized

Proxemics

Study of personal space, cultural norms for distance in communication, Includes intimate, personal, social, and public space zones

Paralanguage (Classifications)

Everything vocal except actual words - vocal qualities, vocal characteristics, and vocal segregates