AP Hug Final Exam

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Where did the Industrial Revolution start?

Great Britain

List some locations where the Industrial Revolution diffused.

Belgium, Germany, central Europe, the U.S., Japan, and finally Russia and Ukraine.

Identify a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Increased food supplies

Identify another consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Urbanization

Identify a third consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Creation of the middle class.

What is the primary economic sector?

Natural resource extraction.

What is the secondary economic sector?

Industries that manufacture natural resources into finished products.

What is the tertiary economic sector?

All jobs necessary to transport goods and resources to businesses and customers; service industry jobs.

What is the quaternary economic sector?

The intellectual and informational services, such as research and development.

What is the quinary economic sector?

Where the highest level of decisions are made in business, government, education, and science.

What is the Least Cost Theory?

Alfred Weber’s theory on how transportation and labor costs determine the location of factories.

What is occurring in Rostow's Stages first stage?

Traditional society: subsistence, barter, agriculture

What is occurring in Rostow's Stages second stage?

Transitional stage: specialization, surplus, infrastructure

What is occurring in Rostow's Stages third stage?

Take-off: Investment, regional growth, political change, industrialization

What is occurring in Rostow's Stages fourth stage?

Drive to maturity: diversification, innovation, less reliance on imports

What is occurring in Rostow's Stages fifth stage?

High mass consumption, consumer-durable goods flourish, service sector becomes dominant.

What is Wallerstein's World Systems Theory?

A theory that explains the uneven political relationships and economic development across the world by organizing countries into the core-semi-periphery-periphery model, where the core moves its factories to the semi-periphery.

What is Dependency Theory?

A theory that states that the periphery lies in poverty because it is economically dependent on core countries in an exploitative relationship that was established under colonialism and imperialism.

What is Commodity Dependence?

When commodities account for more than 60% of the total value of a country’s total exports.

What is GDP?

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country, regardless of the producer’s national origin.

What is GNP?

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country’s residents, regardless of the country or location in which they were made.

What is GNI?

The total income of a country’s residents and businesses, including investment income, foreign aid, and development aid, regardless of where it was earned

What is PPP?

Measures how much a common “basket of goods” costs locally in each country’s currency. Compares the cost of living in different countries.

What is HDI?

A statistical measure of human achievement that combines data on life expectancy, education levels, and PPP/GNI per capita.

What is GII?

A statistical measure of gender inequality based on reproductive health, empowerment (parly. seats), and labor-market participation.

What are Micro-loans/micro-credit?

Very small loans given to people with little income or assets, intended to help start or expand a small business. (normally $150-$500)

Define Free trade

International trade that reduces or eliminates trade barriers like tariffs and promotes comparative advantage relationships.

Define Protectionism

Trade rules that restrict imports in order to protect domestic industries by implementing tariffs or quotas.

What is the WTO?

An international group of 184 countries that seeks to promote and negotiate international trade deals and resolve trade disputes.

What is the IMF?

An international organization that provides loans to countries and seeks to promote global economic cooperation, international trade, financial stability, and sustainable economic growth.

What is OPEC?

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an international trade agreement designed to regulate the output of oil. They are responsible for much of the world’s oil production and the costs of oil.

What is Fordism?

The economic and social arrangement based on the mass production of standardized goods, high labor union membership rates, stable and full-time manufacturing jobs, and high factory wages that enable mass consumption.

What is Deindustrialization?

The decline and sometimes complete disappearance of employment in the manufacturing sector in the core’s industrial centers (when fewer people work in manufacturing and factories close)

List some examples of the Service sectors

Teachers, lawyers, police officers, taxi drivers, doctors/nurses, bankers, retail workers, CEOs, biologists.

Define Agglomeration Economy

Agglomeration economies form when firms cluster together to take advantage of the concentration of skills, labor, specialized infrastructure, industry suppliers, and easy contact with nearby industries (when industries group together in one area to help each other and save money)

List 10 of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

1. No poverty 2. Zero hunger 3. Quality education 4. Gender equality 5. Clean water and sanitation 6. Affordable and clean energy 7. Reduced inequalities 8. Climate action 9. Sustainable cities and communities 10. Responsible consumption and production

Name some World Urban Hearths

Mesoamerica, Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley.

Define Edge Cities

A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that is developed in the suburbs OUTSIDE OF a city’s traditional CBD.

Define Exurbs

A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families.

Define Boomburbs

A rapidly growing community of 100,000+ residents that is not a core city in a metro area (a large suburb with its own government).

What makes a World City?

A control center of the global economy in which decisions are made about the world’s commercial networks and financial markets. It must include a deep water port, an international airport, a global stock exchange, and a currency exchange.

What makes a Primate City?

A city that is disproportionately larger than the surrounding cities and dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life. (Must have over double the population of the next largest city

Know the Rank Size Rule

The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy. The second most populated city has ½ the population of the first most populated city, the third city has ⅓ the population, etc.

Explain Christaller’s Central Place Theory

Walter Christaller’s attempt to understand why cities are located is by relating their location to range and threshold.

Explain the Gravity Model

The idea that the closer 2 places are, the more likely that they will influence each other (proximity). Also population size plays a role in complementarity: cities with high populations will have gravity because they have similar populations.

Define Fiscal Squeeze

Occurs when a city’s revenue cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure.

Define Infrastructure

The basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including water, roads, electricity, and schools.

List 4 Smart Growth Policies

1. Mixed land use (combines residential, business, and entertainment to attract people at different times) 2. Compact design (developments that grow up, not out) 3. Infill development ( builds on unused and underutilized developments within existing land) 4. Walkable neighborhoods

List 6 New Urbanism initiatives

1. Walkability 2. Connectivity 3. Sustainability 4. Mixed use and diversity 5. Diverse housing options 6. Increased density

Explain Greenbelts:

A protected zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas.

Explain Slow-Growth

A city that changes its zoning laws to deercrease the rate at which it expands horizontally to limit the effects of urban sprawl.

Define Gentrification

The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves.

What are some challenges to Urban Sustainability?

1. Air pollution/ rising temperatures due to urban heat islands, fossil fuels, and automobiles 2. urban flooding due to poor water runoff patterns that allow water to accumulate 3. rising levels of consumption that environmentally affect other areas beyond the city 4. Increased urban footprint due to the mass consumption of energy, food and water, and transporting those things. 5. High natural disaster impact rates (more people = more lives impacted)

Define Brownfield Remediation

The process of removing or sealing off contaminents so that a site may be used again without any health concerns.

Explain Intensive versus Extensive Agriculture

Intensive: Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding. Extensive: Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals.

Survey Method: Metes and Bounds

A survey system that uses natural features (trees, rivers, rocks) to determine property boundaries.

Survey Method: Township and Range

A land survey system that divides most of the country’s territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6-mile sides. (Land Ordinance of 1785)

Survey Method: Long-Lot

A unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times larger than it is wide.

List some Hearths of Domestication of Plants and Animals

Mesoamerica, Indus River Valley, Nile River Valley, Fertile Crescent, West Africa, East Africa

Define and give some examples of the Columbian Exchange

The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries. Potatoes from Mesoamerica going to Europe, turkeys from North America going to Europe, and grapes from the Fertile Crescent going to the Americas.

List four major innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution

The seed drill, steel plow, mechanical reaper, and tractor.

List three Primary Characteristics of the Green Revolution

The use of high-yield or GMO seeds, the use of synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides (agrochemicals), and irrigation and mechanization.

Positive consequences of the Green Revolution

1. Increased crop production 2. Decreased world hunger 3. More efficient use of agricultural land

Negative consequences of the Green Revolution

Expensive GMO seeds, machines, and agrichemicals widened the gap between the rich and the poor. 2. Loss of substance farming 3. Environmental costs of pesticides, commercial fertilizers, and irrigation (runoff floods fields)

Explain Bid-Rent Theory

Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the CBD increases.

Explain how Commodity Chains work

A series of links connecting a commodity’s many places of production, distribution, and consumption. The product flows from the producer to the processor, then the distributor, then the retailer. The money from this exchange flows in the opposite direction.

What is the Cool Chain?

The system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm food fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from the field to retail, groceries, and restaurants (consumption)

Von Thunen Model

A model that shows how farmers choose what to grow based on their distance from the city market, balancing land and transportation costs, modeled by rings.

Explain Contract Farming

An arrangement between an independent farmer and an agribusiness company to produce a crop; The agribusiness provides the farmer with all the supplies needed to produce a crop in exchange for a guaranteed price and buyer for the farmer.

Explain Agribusiness

A large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry. Grans in eastern Europe feed chicks hatched in Sweden, which are then sent to Canada and raised into adults, then trucked to processing plants in Pennsylvania, then packaged and delivered on the cool chain to the supermarkets, where consumers purchase and consume them.

Positive consequences of Agricultural Practices

1. Increased food supply 2. Less world hunger 3. Increased opportunities for women 4. Increased choice of food

Negative consequences of Agricultural Practices

Soil pollution from agrichemicals, agricultural runoff, and nutrient pollution 2. Land transformations such as deforestation and desertification (often resulting from shifting cultivation, slash-and-burn agriculture, and paddy rice farming.

Define Nation

A community of people bound to a homeland and possessing a common identity based on shared cultural traits such as language, ethnicity, and religion.

Define Nation-state

The ideal political-geographical unit; One in which the nation’s geographic boundaries exactly match the state’s territorial boundaries.

Define Stateless nation

An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation-state.

Define Autonomous region

A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has a degree of autonomy in its decision-making.

Define Semi-autonomous region

A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has some degree of, but not complete, self-government

Define Devolution

The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.

Define Neo-Colonialism

The set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over less wealthy areas.

Define Shatterbelt

A region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces.

Define Chokepoint

A narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region.

Define Consequent boundary

A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences

Define Subsequent boundary

A boundary that developed with the cultural landscape.

Define Geometric boundary

A boundary that has regular, often perfectly straight, lines drawn without regard for an area’s physical or cultural features.

Define Relic boundary

a boundary that no longer functions as an international border.

Define Internal boundary

A boundary within a country that separates different regions, states, or provinces.

Define Superimposed boundary

A boundary that is placed on an area without regard for existing boundaries

Define Antecedent boundary

A boundary that was identified before an area was settled.

Territorial sea

(12nm from shoreline, exclusive fishing rights, innocent passage)

Contiguous zone

( 24nm from shoreline, customs, immigration, and sanitation laws)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

(200nm from shoreline, exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all resources)

High seas

(Outsize national jurisdiction, open to ALL states, rights to fishing and mineral deep-sea beds.)

Define Gerrymandering

The manipulation of voting district boundaries in favor of a particular political party, group, or election outcome.

Define Federal State

An independent country that disperses significant authority among subnational units

Define Unitary State

An independent country that concentrates power in the central government and grants little or no authority to its subnational units.

UN (Economic, Political, Social, Military)

International cooperation and security, friendly relations among nations.

EU (Political, Economic, Social)

Includes 28 European countries and promotes the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital among its members. It was formed to weaken its member states to ensure they never wage war on one another again.

AU (Economic, Political)

promotes economic and political development between African countries.

ASEAN (Economic, Political, Military)

Organize and promote intergovernmental cooperation, facilitate economic growth, social progress, and cultural progress in the region.

NATO (Military)

Intergovernmental military alliance among 29 North American and European countries with the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members.