Prelab Questions BIO206L

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For the final exam.

Biology

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212 Terms

1
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Bacteria cell wall function

protect cell from lysis

2
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Gram - has, + doesn’t

outer membrane

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crystal violet binds to

peptidoglycan

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adding iodine solution produces

large crystals

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Gram - bacteria turn pink/red when you stain with

safranin

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gram staining, hot plate at:

2.5

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slide removed from hot plate when:

water evaporates

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post-evaporation heat-fixing time on hot plate

1 min

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all dyes absorb for

1 min

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decolorizer drips over sample for

up to 15 secs

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gram staining procedure

crystal violet stain, iodine, alchohol, safranin

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alcohol washing turns gram - bacteria _____

colorless

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safranin turns gram - bacteria

pink

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E. Coli is gram _ and morphology __

-, bacillus

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<p>ID the gram + Enterococcus</p>

ID the gram + Enterococcus

A

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Morphology and Gram status

+, bacillus

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MacConkey agar grows Gram

-

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Gram-stained bacteria growing on MacConkey agar should be ____

pink

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Why is gram staining differential

peptidoglucan cell wall

20
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counterstaining in gram staining is for

enhancing contrast of stained bacteria

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after crystal violet, if you forget iodine, what would happen?

gram + and - bacteria appear pink

22
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align 10X objective with:

nosepiece

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total magnification =

objective*10

24
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better resolution is with 200 nm or 1000nm?

200 nm

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micrometers per reticle unit and magnification are _______ related

inversely

26
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biggest field of view with ___ objective

4X

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biggest depth of field in focus with ___ objective

4X

28
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can use coarse knob with ___ objective

4X

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immersion oil for ___ objective

100X

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100X objective has direct contact with immersion oil?

no

31
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cleaning the objective lens/immersion oil:

use lens cleaner and lens paper

32
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colors: gram - is ____, gram + is ______

red/pink, purple/violet

33
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gram + bacteria are purple after staining because

bacteria retains the crystal violet-iodine complex

34
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L-form/no cell wall bacterium is stained, what color?

pink

35
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why do you gram stain bacteria

ID cell wall characteristics to help classify bacteria into broader taxonomic groups

36
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<p>ID the bacillus gram +, coccus gram +, and spirillum gram - bacteria </p>

ID the bacillus gram +, coccus gram +, and spirillum gram - bacteria

C, B, A

37
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<p>streptococcus, staphylococcus, or diplococcus?</p>

streptococcus, staphylococcus, or diplococcus?

streptococcus

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week 9 lab purpose

verify soil isolates are bacteria via PCR and gel electrophoresis

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PCR amplification enzyme

DNA Polymerase

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what is not a step in PCR

sequencing

41
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denaturation step temperature

95 C

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what is NOT in the master mix:

primers

43
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amplify means to _____

copy

44
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The 27F and 1492R primers will anneal to _______, providing a starting point for Taq polymerase.

bacterial DNA

45
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The DNA sequence amplified when the 27F and 1492R primers are used is approx ____ bp

1500

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27S and 1492R primers are specifically for the _____ gene on _____ chromosomes

16S rRNA, bacterial

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denaturation is

separating DNA strands

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Taq polymerase synthesizes primers: T/F

F

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T/F: Taq polymerase can only synthesize complementary DNA if it's given a primer.

T

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What happens during the coolest stage of PCR?

Primers anneal to complementary seequences

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Taq polymerase active temp

72 C

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Expected contents of PCR tube when using bacterial chromosome:

millions of 16S rRNA gene sequence copies

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Negative Control PCR tube post-reaction if there is NO contamination contains what?

no copies of the desired sequence

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Expected Contents of Positive Control PCR Tube

amplified 16S rRNA gene

55
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successful amplification shows as what in the gel?

1500 bp amplicons in a band

56
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how do you confirm no contamination in gel electrophoresis

no band in negative control lane

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positive control lane expected result:

1500bp band size

58
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if bacteria can’t be lysed, then PCR reagents can’t access bacterial chromosome. will amplification happen? band?

neither will happen

59
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agarose gel in electrophoresis does what:

separate DNA molecules by size

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agarose gel electrophoresis procedure steps:

make solid gel, place in chamber, add buffer, load DNA ladder and all samples, apply current, measure the bands using the DNA ladder

61
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<p>determine reagents contamination using which lane?</p>

determine reagents contamination using which lane?

negative control

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<p>is this the expected result</p>

is this the expected result

yes

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which lane to check for expected result of gel electrophoresis

positive control lane

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<p>Isolate 1: bacteria or not? And how to confirm?</p>

Isolate 1: bacteria or not? And how to confirm?

not bacteria, check if 1500bp band present in the lane

65
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<p>Isolate 2: bacteria or not? </p>

Isolate 2: bacteria or not?

bacteria

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motility test - motile bacteria are ___ relative to the inoculation line

disperse from line/diffuse growth pattern

67
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<p>which is cytochrome c oxidase positive?</p>

which is cytochrome c oxidase positive?

B

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what to add to the oxidase reagent strip before bacteria

water

69
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<p>Which one is gram - (macconkey agar)</p>

Which one is gram - (macconkey agar)

both

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<p>which ferments lactose?</p>

which ferments lactose?

B

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MacConkey agar exigence

fecal matter contaminated drinking water

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macconkey agar selects for enteric (gut) bacteria using

bile in the agar

73
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<p>E. Coli will grow/not grow and be what color?</p>

E. Coli will grow/not grow and be what color?

grow, pink/red agar

74
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<p>E. raff will grow/not grow and be what color?</p>

E. raff will grow/not grow and be what color?

card response pending

75
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<p>P. Putida grow/not grow and if so what color?</p>

P. Putida grow/not grow and if so what color?

grow, agar color doesn’t change

76
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Gram + bacteria on macconkey agar: grow/not grow

not grow

77
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Why does a clear zone surround beta-hemolytic bacteria?

bacteria break down red blood celss

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<p>hemolysis type?</p>

hemolysis type?

alpha

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<p>hemolysis type?</p>

hemolysis type?

beta

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on blood agar, E. coli shows

clear zone

81
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on blood agar, E. raff shows

clear zone

82
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on blood agar, P. Putida shows

green

83
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we used ____ blood agar plates

2

84
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catalse + bacteria make ____ bubbles

O2

85
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where do catalase test

fume hood

86
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how much H2O2 in a catalase test sample

1-2 drops

87
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catalase is important because

h2o2 damages cell components

88
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E. raff on blood agar tests Catalase + falsely, because____

Catalase is in mammalian blood

89
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oxidase test is for presence of:

aerobic respiration

90
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catalase test is for

h2o2 breakdown

91
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macconkey agar tests for

lactose fermentation/breakdown

92
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motility test is for

flagella presence

93
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hemolysis test is for

red blood cell breakdown

94
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antibiotic resistance

bacteria grow despite drug that once prevented its growth

95
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antimicrobial resistance mainly driven by

overuse

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WHO fact shet reports ___% of UTIs from E. coli were less susceptible to ampicillin

20

97
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The same gene that provides resistance to ampicillin spreads from a strain of E. coli to a different bacterial species (e.g., a Staphylococcus species.). How did this happen?

horizontal gene transfer

98
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antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally too: T/F

true

99
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this mechanism doesn’t drive antibiotic resistance:

Antibiotic inactivation by enzymes

  1. Decreased cellular uptake

  2. Antibiotic target mimicry

  3. Bacterial colony signaling

bacterial colony signaling

100
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bacterium has efflux pump exporting multiple different antimicrobial drugs, therfore giving it multiple resistances, AKA

cross-resistance