Introduced (Exotic or Non-Native) Species
A species that is introduced to a region of the world where it has not historically existed.
Invasive Species
An introduced species that spreads rapidly and has negative effects on other species, human recreation, or human economies.
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Introduced (Exotic or Non-Native) Species
A species that is introduced to a region of the world where it has not historically existed.
Invasive Species
An introduced species that spreads rapidly and has negative effects on other species, human recreation, or human economies.
Biological Control
Introductions of one species to help control the abundance of another species.
Mesopredators
Relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores.
Top Predators
Predators that typically consume both herbivores and mesopredators.
Lotka-Volterra Model
A model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in the abundances of predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey.
x (Lotka-Volterra)
The population density of prey (e.g., the number of rabbits per square kilometre).
y (Lotka-Volterra)
The population density of some predator (e.g., the number of foxes per square kilometre).
dx/dt or dy/dt (Lotka-Volterra)
Represents the instantaneous growth rates of the two populations.
t (Lotka-Volterra)
Represents time.
α and β (Lotka-Volterra)
The prey’s parameters; describes, respectively, the maximum prey per capita growth rate, and the effect of the presence of predators on the prey death rate.
γ and δ (Lotka-Volterra)
The predator’s parameters; describes, respectively, the predator’s per capita death rate, and the effect of the presence of prey on the predator’s growth rate.
Equilibrium (Zero Growth) Isocline
The population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable.
Joint Population Trajectory
The simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations.
Joint Equilibrium Point
The point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross.
Functional Response
The relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator’s rate of food consumption.
Type I Functional Response
A functional response in which a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs.
Type II Functional Response
A functional response in whcih a predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow down as prey density increases and then plateaus when satiation occurs.
Type III Functional Response
A functional response in which a predator exhibits low prey consumption under low prey densities, rapid consumption under moderate prey densities, and slowing prey consumption under high prey densities.
Search Image
A learned mental image that helps the predator locate and capture food.
Numerical Response
A change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration.
Crypsis
Camouflage that either allows an individual to march its environment or breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background envrionment.
Warning Coloration (Aposematism)
A strategy in which distastefulness evolves in association with very conspicuous colors and patterns.
Batesian Mimicry
When palatable species evolve warning coloration that resembles unpalatable species.
Müllerian Mimicry
When several unpalatable species evolve a similar pattern of warning coloration.
Coevolution
When two or more species affect each other’s evolution.
Intraspecific Competition
Competition among individuals of the same species.
Interspecific Competition
Competition among individuals of different species.
Resource
Anything an organism consumes or uses that causes an increase in the growth rate of a population when it becomes more available.
Renewable Resources
Resources that are constantly regenerated.
Nonrenewable Resources
Resources that are not regenerated.
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
Law stating that a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
The principle that two species cannot coexist indefinitely when they are both limited by the same resource.
Competitive Coefficients
Variables that convert between the number of individuals of one species and the number of individuals of the other species.
Zero Population Growth Isocline
Line that represents all population sizes at which a poopulation experiences zero growth.
Exploitative Competition
Competition in which individuals consume and drive down the abundance of a resource to the point that other individuals cannot persist.
Interference Competition
When competitors do not immediately consume resources but defend them.
Allelopathy
A type of interference that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors.
Apparent Competition
When two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy, such as a predator, parasite, or herbivore.
Chi-Square Test
A test that determines whether the number of observed events in different categories differs from an expected number of events, which is based on a particular hypothesis.
Generalists
Species that interact with many other species.
Specialists
Species that interact with one or a few other species.
Obligate Mutualists
Two species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist.
Facultative Mutualists
Two species that provide fitness benefits to each other but whose interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species.
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Fungi that surround plant roots and help plants obtain water and minerals.
Endomycorrhizal Fungi
Fungi characterized by hyphal threads that extend far out into the soil and penetrate root cells between the cell wall and the cell membrane.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
A type of endomycorrhizal fungi that infects a tremendous number of plants, including apple trees, peach trees, coffee trees, and grasses.
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
Fungi characterized by hyphae that surround the roots of plants and enter between root cells but rarely enter the cells.
Microbiome
The community of microorganisms that live in regions of a plant’s or an animal’s body—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.
Endophytic Fungi
Fungi that live inside a plant’s tissues.
Primary Productivity
The rate at which solar or chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Standing Crop
The biomass of producers present in a given area of an ecosystem at a particular moment in time.
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
The rate at which energy is captured and assimilated by producers in a given area.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
The rate at which energy is assimilated by producers and converted into producer biomass in a given area.
Remote Sensing
A technique that measures conditions on Earth from a distant location, typically using satellites or airplanes that take photographs of large areas of the globe.
Green Food Web
A food web focused on how the producers obtain energy from photosynthesis (or chemosynthesis) and how this energy moves up the food web when producers are consumed.
Brown Food Web
A food web focused on how scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers obtain energy from dead organic matter and how this energy moves up the food web when they are consumed.
Egested Energy
The portion of consumed energy that is excreted or regurgitated.
Assimilated Energy
The portion of energy that a consumer digests and absorbs.
Respired Energy
The portion of assimilated energy a consumer uses for respiration.
Net Secondary Productivity
The rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area.
Trophic Pyramid
A chart composed of stacked rectangles representing the amount of energy or biomass in each trophic group.
Pyramid of Energy
A trophic pyramid that displays the total energy existing at each trophic level.
Pyramid of Biomass
A trophic pyramid that represents the standing crop of organisms present in different trophic groups.
Consumption Efficiency
The percentage of energy or biomass in a trophic level that is consumed by the next higher trophic level.
Assimilation Efficiency
The percentage of consumed energy that is assimilated.
Net Production Efficiency
The percentage of assimilated energy that is used for growth and reproduction.
Ecological (Food Chain) Efficiency
The percentage of net production from one trophic level compared to the next lower trophic level.
Energy Residence Time
The legnth of time that energy remains in a given trophic level.
Biomass Residence Time
The length of time that biomass remains in a given trophic level.
Ecological Stoichiometry
The study of the balance of nutrients in ecological interactions, such as between an herbivore and a plant.