SUNY ESF - EFB 320, Exam 3

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Introduced (Exotic or Non-Native) Species

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A species that is introduced to a region of the world where it has not historically existed.

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Invasive Species

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An introduced species that spreads rapidly and has negative effects on other species, human recreation, or human economies.

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74 Terms

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Introduced (Exotic or Non-Native) Species

A species that is introduced to a region of the world where it has not historically existed.

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Invasive Species

An introduced species that spreads rapidly and has negative effects on other species, human recreation, or human economies.

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Biological Control

Introductions of one species to help control the abundance of another species.

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Mesopredators

Relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores.

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Top Predators

Predators that typically consume both herbivores and mesopredators.

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Lotka-Volterra Model

A model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in the abundances of predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey.

<p>A model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in the abundances of predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey. </p>
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x (Lotka-Volterra)

The population density of prey (e.g., the number of rabbits per square kilometre).

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y (Lotka-Volterra)

The population density of some predator (e.g., the number of foxes per square kilometre).

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dx/dt or dy/dt (Lotka-Volterra)

Represents the instantaneous growth rates of the two populations.

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t (Lotka-Volterra)

Represents time.

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α and β (Lotka-Volterra)

The prey’s parameters; describes, respectively, the maximum prey per capita growth rate, and the effect of the presence of predators on the prey death rate.

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γ and δ (Lotka-Volterra)

The predator’s parameters; describes, respectively, the predator’s per capita death rate, and the effect of the presence of prey on the predator’s growth rate.

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Equilibrium (Zero Growth) Isocline

The population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable.

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Joint Population Trajectory

The simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations.

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Joint Equilibrium Point

The point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross.

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Functional Response

The relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator’s rate of food consumption.

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Type I Functional Response

A functional response in which a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs.

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Type II Functional Response

A functional response in whcih a predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow down as prey density increases and then plateaus when satiation occurs.

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Type III Functional Response

A functional response in which a predator exhibits low prey consumption under low prey densities, rapid consumption under moderate prey densities, and slowing prey consumption under high prey densities.

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Search Image

A learned mental image that helps the predator locate and capture food.

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Numerical Response

A change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration.

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Crypsis

Camouflage that either allows an individual to march its environment or breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background envrionment.

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Warning Coloration (Aposematism)

A strategy in which distastefulness evolves in association with very conspicuous colors and patterns.

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Batesian Mimicry

When palatable species evolve warning coloration that resembles unpalatable species.

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Müllerian Mimicry

When several unpalatable species evolve a similar pattern of warning coloration.

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Coevolution

When two or more species affect each other’s evolution.

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Intraspecific Competition

Competition among individuals of the same species.

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Interspecific Competition

Competition among individuals of different species.

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Resource

Anything an organism consumes or uses that causes an increase in the growth rate of a population when it becomes more available.

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Renewable Resources

Resources that are constantly regenerated.

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Nonrenewable Resources

Resources that are not regenerated.

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Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

Law stating that a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further.

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Competitive Exclusion Principle

The principle that two species cannot coexist indefinitely when they are both limited by the same resource.

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Competitive Coefficients

Variables that convert between the number of individuals of one species and the number of individuals of the other species.

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Zero Population Growth Isocline

Line that represents all population sizes at which a poopulation experiences zero growth.

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Exploitative Competition

Competition in which individuals consume and drive down the abundance of a resource to the point that other individuals cannot persist.

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Interference Competition

When competitors do not immediately consume resources but defend them.

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Allelopathy

A type of interference that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors.

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Apparent Competition

When two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy, such as a predator, parasite, or herbivore.

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Chi-Square Test

A test that determines whether the number of observed events in different categories differs from an expected number of events, which is based on a particular hypothesis.

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Generalists

Species that interact with many other species.

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Specialists

Species that interact with one or a few other species.

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Obligate Mutualists

Two species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist.

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Facultative Mutualists

Two species that provide fitness benefits to each other but whose interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species.

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Mycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi that surround plant roots and help plants obtain water and minerals.

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Endomycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi characterized by hyphal threads that extend far out into the soil and penetrate root cells between the cell wall and the cell membrane.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A type of endomycorrhizal fungi that infects a tremendous number of plants, including apple trees, peach trees, coffee trees, and grasses.

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi characterized by hyphae that surround the roots of plants and enter between root cells but rarely enter the cells.

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Microbiome

The community of microorganisms that live in regions of a plant’s or an animal’s body—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.

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Endophytic Fungi

Fungi that live inside a plant’s tissues.

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Primary Productivity

The rate at which solar or chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

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Standing Crop

The biomass of producers present in a given area of an ecosystem at a particular moment in time.

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Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

The rate at which energy is captured and assimilated by producers in a given area.

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Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

The rate at which energy is assimilated by producers and converted into producer biomass in a given area.

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Remote Sensing

A technique that measures conditions on Earth from a distant location, typically using satellites or airplanes that take photographs of large areas of the globe.

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Green Food Web

A food web focused on how the producers obtain energy from photosynthesis (or chemosynthesis) and how this energy moves up the food web when producers are consumed.

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Brown Food Web

A food web focused on how scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers obtain energy from dead organic matter and how this energy moves up the food web when they are consumed.

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Egested Energy

The portion of consumed energy that is excreted or regurgitated.

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Assimilated Energy

The portion of energy that a consumer digests and absorbs.

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Respired Energy

The portion of assimilated energy a consumer uses for respiration.

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Net Secondary Productivity

The rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area.

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Trophic Pyramid

A chart composed of stacked rectangles representing the amount of energy or biomass in each trophic group.

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Pyramid of Energy

A trophic pyramid that displays the total energy existing at each trophic level.

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Pyramid of Biomass

A trophic pyramid that represents the standing crop of organisms present in different trophic groups.

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Consumption Efficiency

The percentage of energy or biomass in a trophic level that is consumed by the next higher trophic level.

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Assimilation Efficiency

The percentage of consumed energy that is assimilated.

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Net Production Efficiency

The percentage of assimilated energy that is used for growth and reproduction.

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Ecological (Food Chain) Efficiency

The percentage of net production from one trophic level compared to the next lower trophic level.

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Energy Residence Time

The legnth of time that energy remains in a given trophic level.

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Biomass Residence Time

The length of time that biomass remains in a given trophic level.

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Ecological Stoichiometry

The study of the balance of nutrients in ecological interactions, such as between an herbivore and a plant.

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