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vulva
an umbrella term for external genitals
mons pubis/veneris
latin for mountain of Venus, fatty tissue area that covers pubic bone
vagina
latin for sheath, “birth canal”
labia majora
“large lips”
labia minora
“small lips”
clitoris
greek for “that which is closed in”
hymen
greek for membrane, semi-circular strip of mucous membrane tissue lying across the lower portion of the vaginal opening, can be quite obvious or hardly apparent, not always associated with virginity
imperforate hymen
complete blockage of vaginal opening (rare and correctable)
urethra meatus
urethral opening
fourchette
area beneath vaginal opening where labia minora meet
bartholin’s glands
provide a small amount of lubrication during arousal
ovaries
produce eggs
fallopian tubes
place where sperm and egg meet
fimbria
finger-like projections
uterus
latin for womb, hosts developing egg
cervix
between uterus and vagina, opening called cervical os
estrogen
promotes the maturation of the reproductive organs, development of the secondary sex characteristics and growth spurt at puberty, regulates menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy
progesterone
breast development, uterine lining, regulates menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy
fsh
regulate ovarian function and maturation of ovarian follicles
lh
assists in the production of estrogen and progesterone, regulates maturation of ovarian follicles, triggers ovulation
the follicular phase
fsh and lh initiate, during the first 10 days ovarian follicles begin to grow, usually only 1 follicle matures (98%), developing follicles secrete estrogen, oocyte matures bulges to ovarian surface
ovulation
the ballooning follicle wall thins and ruptures and the oocyte enters the abdominal cavity, picked up by the fimbriae
luteal phase
estrogen drops and the ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and a small amount of estrogen, hormones inhibit fsh and lh in case of pregnancy, if no pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates
menarche
first period
% of student who have had a gynecological/testicular exam in the last year
47
% of women and men who had exam in last year
54% of women and 32% of men
% of people vaccinated for HPV
70
% of women and men for vaccination
73% of women and 63% of men
% of people tested for STIs in last year
37
% of women vs men for STI testing
42% of women and 26% of men
% of people who will develop antibodies in the first 3 months after they are infected by HIV
97
window period
period after infection but before the test becomes positive
menstrual phase
with low hormone levels from luteum degeneration, the endometrium lining sheds, this material as well as vaginal secretions and blood are released through the cervix and vagina over a 3-5 day period
proliferative phase
lasts about 9 days, increased estrogen causes the buildup of the endometrium, cervix secretes a clear, thin mucus that facilitates the passage of sperm, phase ends with ovulation
secretory phase
progesterone helps the endometrium prepare for a fertilized ovum, the cervical mucus thickens and starts to form a plug to seal off the uterus in the event of pregnancy. this phase lasts 14 days and ends with the shedding of the endometrium
2.5 billion a year
amount families spend a year on breast milk substitutes such as infant formula
740 million a year
usda wic programs spends this much to buy formula for babies not breast feeding
1.6 billion a year
insurers like medicaid spend this much a year to cover sick child office visits and prescriptions related to disease that may have been prevented
4.6 to 9 billion
money spent on conditions and preventable diseases
gynecology
the science of women, the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system, vagina, uterus, vulva, breast
age 9+
eligible for HPV vaccine
ages 13-15
most young women should get their first appointment which usually includes a visual exam but not a full pelvic exam
age 21
the pelvic exam and the pap test
age 30
HPV test
21-29
women age _____ get a pap test every 3 years
30-65
women age _____ get a pap test every 3 years, an HPV test every 5 years, or are co-tested every 5 years
65
most women ages ____ and older don’t need a pap test
the external exam
doctor will look at your vulva and the opening of vagina, looking for signs of cysts, abnormal discharge, genital warts, irritation, or other issues
the speculum exam
doctor will gently slide a speculum into vagina, separates walls of vagina when it opens, doctor uses a tiny spatula to brush pr wipe a small sample of cells from cervix
the bimanual exam
doctor will put 1 or 2 fingers into vagina while gently pressing on lower abdomen to check size, shape, and position of uterus
the rectovaginal exam
doctor may also put a finger into rectum, checks muscles between vagina and anus, checks for tumors behind rectum
anal fissures
tears in the anal lining
20 to 40%
% of women that will contract a UTI at least once in their lifetimes, some reoccurring
10 million
utis account for ____ doctor visits in the US every year
85-90%
e-coli accounts for ____ of utis due to physiology and infection
yeast infection
irritation of the vagina and the area around the vulva, caused by candida albicans
75%
__ of women have a yeast infection during their lives
itchiness in and around the vagina
most common symptom of a yeast infection
polycystic ovary syndrome
condition in which the ovaries produce an abnormal amount of androgens (male sex hormones)
10%
endometriosis affects __ of people globally