Spring 24 PSY 5708 Schmidt Organizational Psych Exam 1

What does industrial psych focus on at its absolute most simplest?

Organizational outcome; people as resources.

What does organizational psych focus on at its absolute most simplest?

How people perform and what goes into their performance; situational differences.

Is this an I or O topic: Recruitment?

Industrial.

Is this an I or O topic: Selection?

Industrial

Is this an I or O topic: Classification?

Industrial.

Is this an I or O topic: Compensation?

Industrial.

What is IO?

The scientific study of INDIVIDUAL behavior in formal organizational studies.

Are groups of interest to IO psychologists?

Yes; insofar to see how they influence individual behavior or are created by individual behavior.

What is the top-down effect?

How larger entities influence individual behavior.

What is the bottom-up effect?

How larger entities are created or influenced by individual behavior.

Is this an I or O topic: Performance Appraisal?

Industrial.

Is this an I or O topic: Training?

Industrial.

Is this an I or O topic: Socialization?

Organizational.

Is this an I or O topic: Motivation?

Organizational.

Is this an I or O topic: Occupational Stress?

Organizational.

Is this an I or O topic: Leadership?

Organizational

Is this an I or O topic: Group Performance?

Organizational.

Is this an I or O topic: Organizational Development?

Organizational.

What is the 1st main point Highhouse and Schmitt: A Snapshot in Time?

The I v. O tension, naming.

What accounts for the heavy emphasis on selection? (3 parts)

-Historical reasons stemming from WWII.
-Easier to focus on this aspect, rather than organizing.
-Practitioners often work on it.

What is the "Psychology v. Business" tension?

The latter is more on a macro level.

What is the 2nd main point Highhouse and Schmitt: A Snapshot in Time?

The Psych v. Business tension.

What is the 3rd main point Highhouse and Schmitt: A Snapshot in Time?

Discussion on if I/O psychs have a management bias.

What is the 4th main point Highhouse and Schmitt: A Snapshot in Time?

The explanation of the shift of many trained scholars from psych programs to business programs.

What is the 5th main point Highhouse and Schmitt: A Snapshot in Time?

The explanation of the tension between scientists and practitioners.

What was Taylor (1911) based on?

Scientific management.

What is the 1st basic philosophy of scientific management?

To develop the science of each element of work.

What is the 2nd basic philosophy of scientific management?

To scientifically select and train each worker.

What is the 3rd basic philosophy of scientific management?

To cooperate with workers so that it is done in accordance to principles.

What is the 4th basic philosophy of scientific management?

Equal division of work among worker and management.

What was Taylor's (1911) attitude towards laborers?

Debased and very low opinion.

What was the lasting legacy of Taylor (1911)?

It fostered the idea that work can and should be studied scientifically. Sets the course for the development of Industrial psychology.

What is the Hawthorne effect?

The alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

What are the results of illumination studies?

Any changes in lighting increased performance of due to attention devoted to workers.

What makes the Hawthorne studies different than the illumination studies?

The Hawthorne studies were many, varied, and results were complex.

What was the focus and findings of the Roethlisberger & Dickson (1939) in these chapters?

Production norms.

Those who did not adhere to these norms (rate busters) met very negative consequences. (If you did less, consequences. If you did more, consequences. They thought that why can't everyone do that with such negative social consequences. Would not change pay to reflect work?)

Workers resisted many management initiatives and this is a very different finding than the traditional "Hawthorne Effect"

What were the key contributions of the Roethlisberger & Dickson (1939) studies? (2 parts)

1. Highlighted the impact of social factors on behavior in org settings.
2. Many view the Hawthorne studies as the beginning of Organizational Psychology

What studies/philosophies were part of the beginnings of Industrial psych?

Taylor (1911) / scientific management.

What studies/philosophies were part of the beginnings of Organizational psych?

Roethlisberger & Dickson (1939) / the Hawthorne studies.

What is McGregor synonymous for?

Theory X & Theory Y.

What is Theory X?

The philosophy that underlies traditional management strategies like carrot and stick.

What is Theory Y?

The philosophy that is a (then) new perspective based on humanistic ideas. Sought to enable workers to pursue happiness and development.

What are the 1st assumption of Theory X?

That humans inherently dislike work and are lazy.

What is the 2nd assumption of Theory X?

That most workers must be coerced, controlled, and punished to be productive.

Punishments are more productive than rewards.

What is the 3rd assumption of Theory X?

That most workers prefer to be directed, avoid responsibilities, and have little ambition.

What is the 1st assumption of Theory Y?

That work comes as natural as play and under the right conditions, and it will be performed willingly. Workers need little direction when they have clear and committed goals.

What is the 2nd assumption of Theory Y?

That rewards for meeting goals should be directed to physiological, safety, social, ego and self actualization needs. Based on Maslow.

What is the 3rd assumption of Theory Y?

That ingenuity are more widespread in workforce than many executives choose to admit.

What is the 4th and most important assumption of Theory Y?

That by limiting workers, management is limiting the organization too.

What is the principle of integration?

The creation of conditions in which workers can achieve their goals best by directing efforts toward the success of the org. (Goal alignment between workers and organizations).

What is the 1st approach for achieving integration?

That the worker adjusts their goals to the org (Theory X).

What is the 2nd approach for achieving integration?

That the org adjusts the needs to the workers (unrealistic, neither X nor Y).

What is the 3rd approach for achieving integration?

That workers and the org need to find a way to meet in the middle (Theory Y).

Ex. ASA and fit.

What is the 1st legacy of Theory X & Y?

It contributed to the understanding of management philosophies and styles.

What is the 2nd legacy of Theory X & Y?

It contributed to greater consideration psych and social aspects of employee behavior.

What is the 3rd legacy of Theory X & Y?

It contributed to the importance of creating a positive work environment that fosters intrinsic motivation, development, and responsibility.

What is the 4th legacy of Theory X & Y?

It contributed to the creation of subsequent organizational theorists.

What is the Fifth Discipline?

Today's problems are yesterday's solutions, and solutions often shift the problem somewhere else. The harder you push, the system will compensate for it.

Essentially, problems abound everywhere.

Ex. Using plastics are useful, but now it's a major pollutant.

Are cause and effect always immediate?

No, effects often not apparent right away the root of a problem often farther in the past than we expected.

Ex. It can be erroneous to assume current problems are not caused by past administrations.

What does Senge and the Fifth Discipline mean by saying, "You can have your cake and and eat it too-but not at once."?

To maximize resources at the right times.

What does Senge and the Fifth Discipline mean by saying, "Dividing an elephant in half does not produce two small elements."?

That you need to look at the big picture.

What does Senge and the Fifth Discipline mean by saying, "There is no blame."?

That all parts of the system contribute to its behavior.

What does Circles of Causality refer to?

It refers to feedback loops.

What is the punchline of Circles of Causality?

Organizations are complex systems where effects are not immediate and departments can lead to a narrow focus.

Is micro the smallest level of thinking, the largest, or somewhere in the middle?

It is the smallest level of thinking.

Ex. Person or department level.

Is meso the smallest level of thinking, the largest, or somewhere in the middle?

It is in the middle level of thinking?

Is macro the smallest level of thinking, the largest, or somewhere in the middle?

It is the largest level of thinking, the largest scale possible in the situation.

How is the multilevel perspective different from more traditional approaches to science?

This perspective is more holistic.

What is the Level of Theory?

This refers to how focused generalizations are designed to apply to.

Ex. Do they apply to this one group? This one event? How generalizable something is.

What is the Level of Measurement?

This refers to the unit to which the data are directly attached to.

Ex. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio (PSY 3801)

What is Level of Analysis?

This refers to the unit to which data are assigned for hypothesis testing and stat analysis.

What is one example that would not benefit from a multilevel perspective?

Nothing! Everything can benefit from this perspective.

What is composition? (part of bottom-up processes)

This refers to similarity between people / approaches.

What is compilation? (part of bottom-up processes)

This refers to the compatibility of people, and that their values align towards working for the same goal.

What are the two subdivisions of (Kozlowski and Klein, Fig. 1.1, pg. 39)'s Model Specification?

The two subdivisions are Single-level models and Cross-level models.

What are the two subdivisions of (Kozlowski and Klein, Fig. 1.1, pg. 39)'s Single-Level Models?

The two subdivisions are Individual and Unit.

What are the four subdivisions of (Kozlowski and Klein, Fig. 1.1, pg. 39)'s Single-Level Model units?

The subdivisions are Global, Shared, Mixed, and Configural.

What is the Global perspective of Model Specification?

These are things that operate fundamentally at that higher level.

What is the Shared perspective of Model Specification?

This perspective is the result of things happening at lower levels.

More specifically, this means people at different levels have similar thoughts and values. It makes sense to average people out to use it against the whole.

Ex. Individuals contributing to groups, which in turn interact with each other.

What is the Mixed perspective of Model Specification?

This perspective is a blend of the Shared and Configural perspectives.

Ex. Xg is a group level variable at its origin, while Yg is a group from Yi.

What is the Configural perspective of Model Specification?

This perspective is the result of things happening at lower levels.

More specifically, this means expecting people are different but in a meaningful higher level entity.

Ex. how specialized skills are represented at the group level even if though we recognize that they originate from individuals. Causes different levels of performance.

What are Cross-level Models?

This examines how something in the group impacts the individuals in that group.

Ex. How group culture affects individual performance.

What is the Direct-Effects perspective in terms of Cross-Level Models?

This perspective where the group affects the individual or vise versa.

What is Mixed-Determinants perspective in terms of Cross-Level Models?

This perspective is the combo of individual and direct effects. How one individual is impacted by other individuals, groups, and other levels.

What is Moderator perspective in terms of Cross-Level Models?

This perspective is a third variable that changes the relationship between two variables.

What is the Frog Pond perspective in terms of Cross-Level Models?

This perspective can be compared to the big fish little pond, little fish big pond. It parses out the group effect and the individual effect.

What is the Homologous Multilevel Model perspective in terms of Cross-Level Models?

This perspectives explains how things that do play out in similar ways across the levels but they are indeed different.

What is reliability?

This is the degree to which a measurement techniques yields consistent results.

What is validity?

This is the degree to which an assessment technique measures or manipulates what it was designed to measure.

What are 4 types of validity? (though there are more)

Criterion, content, external, face, etc.

What is criterion validity?

This tests the validity of the measurement being used.

Ex. Does it predict the outcomes as expected? Maybe you want a different or new measure.

What is content validity?

The extent to which the measurement includes all of the major elements relevant to the construct being measured.

Ex. Does an exam cover all necessary subjects?

What is external validity?

The degree to which the investigator can extend or generalize a study's results to other subjects and situations.

What is face-validity?

This is the perceived validity of a study. It is not a true form of validity, but important for first glances.

Can we have reliability without validity?

Yes.

Can we have validity without reliability?

No, that's a red flag.

What are the 3 advantages of self reports as a data collection method?

-They are quick and relatively inexpensive to disseminate.
-Sometimes the best way to find something out is to ask.
-They provide a means of access to constructs that are not directly observable.

What are some disadvantages of self reports as a data collection method?

-It can be hard for people to be objective.
-Response bias.
-Survey burnout.
-Causality is difficult to establish.
-The administration can be nagging towards the respondents.

What are the types of observational methods?

The types are overt and covert.

Why would someone use covert observational methods?

There is more validity in this method.