BIO 122.1 LE 3

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32 Terms

1

The process by which animals maintain water and ion balance in cellular fluids, critical for cell survival and solute transport.

Osmoregulation

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2

An environment where the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell; freshwater fish are hypertonic to their environment.

Hypertonic environment

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3

An environment where the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell; marine fish are hypotonic to their environment.

Hypotonic environment

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4

The structure used by earthworms for osmoregulation and waste excretion.

Nephridia

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5

A hormone that helps regulate water retention and ion exchange in the body.

Aldosterone

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6

A protein on the surface of red blood cells that determines if blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative.

Rh factor

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7

The clumping of red blood cells when antibodies in the plasma interact with corresponding antigens.

Agglutination

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8

A condition where an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against her Rh-positive baby’s red blood cells.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

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9

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

Vasoconstriction

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10

The widening of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

Vasodilation

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11

Physical forces responsible for the determination of fluid movement between tissues and capillaries.

Starling Forces

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12

The process of blood clotting, involving the clumping of platelets to prevent blood loss.

Coagulation

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13

A signaling molecule that causes vasodilation and is produced in endothelial cells.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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14

A secondary messenger within cells that helps relax smooth muscle and causes vasodilation.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

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15

The most abundant type of white blood cells, responsible for fighting infections by killing bacteria and foreign debris.

Neutrophils

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16

A series of events involving the activation of clotting factors that lead to blood coagulation.

Clotting Cascade

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17

A neurotransmitter that can cause bronchoconstriction and affects vasodilation in blood vessels.

Acetylcholine

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18

The process in which platelets adhere to a site of injury and release chemicals to recruit more platelets.

Platelet Activation

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19

High levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood, often triggering an increase in breathing.

Hypercapnia

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20

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in CO₂ and O₂ levels in the blood.

Chemoreceptors

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21

Differentiated monocytes that clean up damaged cells and debris through phagocytosis.

Macrophages

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22

The process of producing red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow.

Erythropoiesis

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23

Organisms that maintain an internal environment that is isotonic with their external environment; typically found in marine environments.

Osmoconformers

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24

The process by which blood is filtered in the kidneys, allowing waste products and excess substances to be removed.

Filtration

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25

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism despite changes in external conditions.

Homeostasis

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26

Increased or excessive production of urine, often in response to excess fluid intake or diuretic medications.

Diuresis

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27

A hormone that regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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28

Membrane proteins that facilitate the rapid transport of water across cell membranes.

Aquaporins

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29

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

Renin-Angiotensin System

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30

A network responsible for the drainage of fluids and immune responses, it also plays a role in fluid balance.

Lymphatic System

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31

The fluid that surrounds the cells in tissues, providing them with nutrients and a medium for waste removal.

Interstitial Fluid

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32

A waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins, excreted in urine.

Urea

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