Philosophical Reflection - Philosophy 1Q

Reflective level

The highest, most thoughtful level.

Understanding level

The middle, thoughtful level.

Memory level

The lowest, least thoughtful level.

Know thyself, The unexamined life is not worth living, Virtue is knowledge of good and bad

Socratic legacy/Claims of Socrates

Philosophical defense speech, Socrates' trial, Socrates speaking to the Athenian jury

The genre, setting, and main character/s of Plato's Apology.

Apology

It is Socrates' defense against charges of corrupting the youth and impiety (lack of respect).

Social and moral gadfly sent by the gods

Socrates argues that he is not guilty but rather this.

Gadfly

It is a person who interferes with the status quo of a society or community by posing novel, potentially upsetting questions, usually directed at authorities.

Elenchus

The cross-examination method Socrates uses to claim wisdom lies in knowing one's own ignorance.

Philosophical dialogue, Conversation at the house of Callias in Athens, Socrates and Protagoras

The genre, setting, and main character/s of Plato & Protagoras.

Can virute be taught

The topic Socrates and Protagoras debated about.

Teachable, socity educates moral value

Protogoras' argument on virtue.

Unity, does anyone knowingly evil

Socrates' aruegment on virtue.

Contradict himself

The Plato & Socrates' dialogue ends inconclusively, but Socrates seems to get Protagoras to do this.

Agora

In ancient Athens, Sorates uses this public place to philosophize. He asked people a series of questions, engaged them to answer

Think, defend their views, account for what htey know and don't know

Socrates compelled people to do these in Agora.

Socratic Method/Philosophical reflection

It is an effective method of education in which we are compelled to reflect on what we believe or claim to know. What we believe to be true becomes the basis of our action.

Realize what we truly believe, challenged to defend

A Philosophical reflection is indispensable because we do not _____________. until we are ____________ them.

Wordly possession, social/cultural standing, level of acceptance

The most common self-image indications people make.

By feelings and past

How we sometimes define ourselves.

Virtue

Aristotle defined it as a mean between excess and deficiency, a balance of character traits and behaviors achieved through habit and rational choice.

Moral excellence and fulfilling life

Virtues developed through practice leads to these.

Good and bad

Virtue is the knowledge of _______.

Knowledge

It is virtue because to truly know what is good necessarily leads to actual doing of what is good.

Life decisions

What we think we know is reflected in it.

Philosopo

It is one with skill in evading/avoiding arguments.

Logical fallacy

It is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually flawed. Logical fallacies are lapses of logic that lead us to an unsupported conclusion.

Sophisits (Relativism)

Group of people in Greece who are teaching arete (excellence)

Plato & Aristotle

According to them, Sophists uses argument to win and not to find the truth.

Sophistry

Deliberate deception through arguments

Protagoras

Uses argument to appear the weak appear stronger. "Strategies of argumentation change the perception of truth".

Protagoras

Man is the measure of all things

Protagoras

Every individual has a measure of his own truth

Polygamy, dress codes, death penalty, immigration laws

Examples of Protogoras' idea in modern society.

Nomos

Society's laws

Physis

Natural order

Gorgias

Nomos is opposed to physis

Gorgias

He emphasized that society's laws (nomos) often oppose natural order (physis).

Strong overpower the weak, laws protect the weak

The relationship between nature (physis) and society (nomos).

Callicles

In natural order, might makes right.

Laws

Callicles argued that they (justice, equality, fairness) are inventions of the weak majority to protect themselves from the strong minority. They go against nature because they restrict the natural superiority of the strong,

Lycophron

In natural order, all humans are equal.

Protagoras

On any single question there are at least two sides of the argument.

Sophism

It is a term used to describe a particular style of argumentation and reasoning that is often associated with deception and trickery. It is a type of rhetoric that aims to persuade rather than inform and relies on clever wordplay and logical fallacies to make its point.

Fallacy

It is a mistake in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or weak.

Ad Hominem/To the person

A logical fallacy wherein discussion of the topic at hand is avoided by attacking the character of the person rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself.

Appeal to ignorance/Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

It occurs when someone claims that something is true because it hasn't been proven false, or false because it hasn't been proven true. "We don't know, so my claim must be correct."

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically supported by sufficient evidence. It ignores the need for a large, representative, and fair sample before making a general claim.

Equivocation

A fallacy in which a term or phrase is used multiple times to convey different meanings, making the argument it is used illogically. It is shifting the meaning of a word mid-argument.

Appeal to Pity/Ad Misericordiam

A fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting the opponent's feelings, pity or guilt. It distracts from logic and replaces valid reasoning with emotional manipulation. While pity is a real feeling, it doesn't prove whether something is true or justified.

Bandwagon

A fallacy that occurs when a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so.

Post Hoc/Ergo Propter Hoc

A fallacy occurs when it is assumed that, because one thing happened after another, it must have occurred as a result of it. "After this, therefore, because of this"

Appeal to force/Argumentum Ad Baculum

A fallacy occurs when force, coercion, or even a threat of force is used in place of a reason in an attempt to justify a conclusion. It replaces logic with fear.

Don Anastacio/Pilosopo Tasyo

He's considered a fool by the uneducated and a philosopher by the educated. He spent most of his money on books and now lives in poverty (based of Rizal's oldest brother). He symbolizes the learned FIlipinos, pessimists.

Pamimilosopo

The true philosopher, observes, thinks and sees clearly with the mind, and speaks the truth. We need the pilosopo to engage others to see the truth and live by it.