Missouri State Nick Beatty PLS 101 Final Exam Study Guide

Ammendments Protecting the Accused

4th, 5th, 6th, 8th

Bad Tendency Test

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Bill of Rights

imposes limits on the control the national government has over the individual but does not do the same for state governments.

Civil Liberties

specific individual rights that are constitutionally protected against gov't infringement.

Clear and Present Danger Test

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Commercial Speech

Given different kind of protection.

Civil Liberty Cases

Due Process

refers to legal protections that are designed to ensure individual rights are respected by the gov't

Establishment Clause

the first clause in the First Amendment, which forbids government establishment of religion

Exclusionary Rule

the judicial rule that states that evidence obtained in an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in trial

Free Exercise Clause

the second clause in the First Amendment, which prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of religion

Free-Expression Clauses

the press and speech clauses of the First Amendment

Habeas Corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

Incorporation

a judicial doctrine whereby most, but not all, protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the 14th Amendment

Lemon test

Gov. programs must have: 1)a secular purpose

2)Their primary effect must not be to advance or inhibit religion

3)They must not entangle the government excessively with religion

Libel

publication of material that falsely damages a person's reputation

Marketplace of Ideas

the public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete

Miranda Rights

statements concerning rights that police are required to make to a person before he/she is subjected to in-custody questioning

Prior Restrains

New York Times v. United States* (1971)

- the Court decided that the government did not overcome the "heavy presumption against" prior restraint of the press in this case

Public Figures

people who assume roles of prominence in society or thrust themselves to the forefront of public controversy

Right to Privacy

Griswold v. Connecticut* (1965)

- established a constitutional right to privacy and a zone of personal autonomy

Selective Incorporation

a judicial doctrine whereby most, but not all, protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the 14th Amendment

Slander

spoken words that falsely damage a person's reputation

Symbolic Speech

expression of an idea or viewpoint through an action (wearing an armband, burning something)

time, place, and manner restrictions

rules on speech to prevent disruptions or safety threats

Affirmative Action

a wide range of programs aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups

Brown v. Topeka Board of Ed.

the Court held that separate but equal is inherently unequal in the context of public education

Boycott

a refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as a means of coercion

Civil Disobedience

the willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust

Civil rights

powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of gov't or individuals

Civil Rights Act of 1964

entitles all persons to equal access to establishments serving the general public and bars discriminatory hiring/promotion practices

Voting Rights Act of 1965

empowers federal agents to register voters and to oversee participation in elections

Civil War Amendments

13th, 14th, 15th

de facto segregation

de jure segregation

segregation that is not the result of government influence

equality of opportunity

the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life

equality of outcome

the concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status to achieve economic and social equality

Equal Protection Clause

Constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally-14th amendment

inherent characteristics

individual attributes such as race, national origin, religion, and gender

Invidious Discrimination

discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity

Jim Crow Laws

Southern states passed laws after the Civil War that enforced segregation

Literacy Test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

the Court upheld state-imposed racial segregation based on the "separate-but-equal" doctrine

Poll Tax

tax of $1 or $2 on every citizen who wished to vote, effectively disenfranchising black voters

Univ. of Calif. v. Bakke

the Court ruled that Bakke's constitutional right of equal protection under the 14th Amendment was violated, but preserved the use of race as an admission criteria

Separate but equal doctrine

the doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities

Strict scrutiny test

a test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest

Suspect Classifications

classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

19th Amendment

assures women of the right to vote

Romer v Evans

struck down a Colo. law preventing protected status based on sexual orientation

Obergefell v. Hodges

14th Amend. requires both marriage licensing and recognition for same-sex couples

Convergence

Equal Opportunities Rule

requires any broadcast station that gives or sells time to a candidate for public office to make an equal amount of time available under the same conditions to all other candidates

Reasonable Access Rule

requires broadcast stations to make their facilities available for the expression of conflicting views or issues

F.C.C.

an independent federal agency that regulates interstate and international communication by radio, television, telephone, telegraph, cable and satellite.

Fairness Doctrine

An FCC requirement that broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues provide time for opposing views

Framing

defining a political issue which affects opinion of the issue

Gatekeepers

media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who direct the flow of news

Group Media

Snail mail and internet

Infotainment

a mix of information and diversion oriented to personalities or celebrities, not linked to the day's events

Market Driven Journalism

reporting geared to a target audience (demographics)

Mass Media

- the means for communicating information to large, heterogeneous, widely dispersed audiences

Muckrakers

exposing misconduct

Narrowcasting

programming targeted at a specific political population within society

Newsworthiness

- the degree to which a news story is important enough to be covered by the mass media

Objective Journalism

model of reporting based on facts rather than opinions and presents all sides of a partisan debate

Interpretive Reporting

model of reporting based on facts rather than opinions and presents all sides of a partisan debate

Descriptive Reporting

a style in which journalists provide a straightforward description of events

Partisan Press

newspapers and other forms of media that openly support a political party and whose news follows the party line

Roles of the Media

Signaler, Common-Carrier, Watchdog, Public-Representative

Television Hypothesis

the belief that television is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs

Yellow Journalism

a gaudy, sensation-loving, devil-may-care kind of journalism to capture new readers

Media Effect

the influence of news sources on public opinion

Press Release

Official written document

Press Briefing

Press secretary official

Q&A on a specific topic

Press Conference

General Q&A with official