OPEN STAX chapter 2 Chemistry

actinide

inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table

alkali metal

element in group 1

Group

Vertical column of the periodic table

Empirical formula

Formula showing the compound given as the simplest whole number ratio of atoms.

covalent bond

attractive force between the the nuclei of a molecule's atoms and pairs of electrons between atoms

Inner transition metal (lanthanides/actinides)

metals in the two rows apart from the main periodic table

Fundamental unit of change

(Also called the elemtary charge) equals the magnitude of the charge of an electron (e) with e=1.602x10^-19C

lanthanide

inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table

Metalloid

Element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of non metals

law of definite proportions

(also, law of constant composition) all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass

law of constant composition

(also, law of definite proportions) all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass

Halogen

Element in group 17

Inert gas (noble gas)

Element in group 18

Nonmetal

element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat & electricity

Monatomic ion

Ion composed of a single atom

Oxyacid

Compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic porperties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water)

Period

AKA series; Horizontal row of the periodic table

Periodic Law

Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers

Stuctural Isomer

One of two substances that have the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties because their atoms are bonded differently

Transition Metal

Element in columns 3 through 11

Unified Atomic Mass Unit (u)

Alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit

Nomenclature

system of rules for naming objects of interest

Oxyanion

Polyatomic anion composed of a central atom bonded to oxygen atoms

isotopes

atoms that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Noble Gas

(also, inert gas) element in group 18

Molecular formula

Formula indicating the composition of a molecule of a compound and giving the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound

chemical symbol

one-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation used to represent an element or atoms

Molecular compound

(Also, covalent compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements

Electron

Negatively charged, subatomic particle of relativity low mass located outside the nucleus.

chalcogen

element in group 16

Neutron

uncharged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus

Binary Compound

Compound containing two different elements

Metal

Element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity

Isomers

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

Proton

Positively charged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus

Mass Number (A)

Sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus off an atom

Main-Group Element

(Also, representative element) element in columns 1,2, and 12-18

Polyatomic ion

Ion composed of more than one atom

Pnictogen

Element in group 15

Structural formula

Shows the atoms in a molecule and how they are connected

Ionic compound

Compound composed of cations and anions combined in ratios, yielding an electrically neutral substance

Anion

Negatively charged atom or molecule (contains more electrons than protons)

Spatial isomers

Compounds in which the relative orientations of the atoms in space differ

Nucleus

massive,postively charged center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons

Atomic number (Z)

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Ionic bond

Electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions of an ionic compound

Ion

Electrically charged atom or molecule (contains unequal numbers of protons and electrons)

Atomic mass unit (amu)

Unit of mass equal to 1/12 of the mass of a^12C atom

Series

(Also period) horizontal row of the period table

Alkaline earth metal

Element in group 2

Covalent Compound

(Also, molecular compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements

Atomic mass

Average mass of atoms of an element, expressed in amu

Representative Element

(Also main-group element) element in columns 1,2, and 12-18

Binary Acid

Compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water)

Periodic table

Table of the elements that places elements with with similar chemical properties close together

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Set of postulates that established the fundamental properties of atoms

Dalton (Da)

Alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit

Alpha particle

Positively charged particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Law Of Multiple Proportions

When two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers

Cation

Positively charged atom or molecule(contains fewer electrons than protons)