APUSH Period 4 Unit D

Market Revolution

A period in the early 1800s when the economy of the United States began to shift from agrarian to industrial, marked by the development of transportation networks and changes in agricultural practices.

Cumberland Road

A significant roadway that connected Maryland to Illinois, stretching nearly 1000 miles, started in 1811 and completed in the 1850s.

Erie Canal

A major canal completed in 1825 that connected Buffalo, NY, to Lake Erie, drastically reducing shipping costs and time for transporting goods.

Sectionalism

The division of the United States into different regions (Northeast, Northwest, South) with distinct economic interests and political views, particularly regarding tariffs and slavery.

Samuel Slater

Known as the father of the American factory system, he established the first American textile factory in 1791 in Rhode Island.

Lowell System

A labor system in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, that employed young women from farming families, providing them with work in poor conditions for a short duration.

Cotton Gin

An invention by Eli Whitney in 1793 that increased the demand for cotton and solidified it as the South's cash crop.

Spoils System

A practice initiated by Jackson where political supporters were rewarded with government jobs, emphasizing the principle of "to the victor goes the spoils."

Indian Removal Act

A law passed in 1830 that authorized the relocation of Native American tribes from their homelands east of the Mississippi River to designated territories in Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears

The forced march of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma, resulting in significant suffering and loss of life, approximately 4,000 deaths during the journey.

Eaton Affair

A political scandal involving Secretary of War John Eaton and his wife Peggy, which caused a rift in Jackson's cabinet and among Washington socialites.

Nullification Crisis

A conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over the Tariff of Abominations, leading to South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal tariffs.

Bank Veto

Jackson's decision to veto the re-charter of the Second Bank of the United States, viewing it as an instrument of the wealthy and a threat to democracy.

Specie Circular

An order issued by Jackson requiring payment for Western lands in gold or silver, which led to economic instability and contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

A severe economic depression triggered by Jackson's financial policies, including the Specie Circular, leading to widespread bank and business failures.

Independent Treasury Act

Legislation supported by Van Buren that established independent savings institutions to stabilize the economy after the Panic of 1837.

Election of 1840

The presidential election in which Whig candidate William Henry Harrison defeated incumbent Martin Van Buren, marking the end of the Age of Jackson.

Corrupt Bargain, Election of 1824

This election caused a lot of controversies because it was perceived that Henry Clay influenced the result of the election by throwing his support behind Adams in the House of Representatives, and Clay was appointed as the Secretary of State.

nullification crisis

reached a boiling point in 1832 when South Carolina passed an ordinance formally nullifying the tariff (of abominations), and also threatened to secede if force was used to make them comply.

Biddle Battle

Jackson was not content with preventing the Bank from getting a new charter. He then resolved to remove federal deposits from Biddle’s vaults.

King Veto

Jackson also used his presidential veto power more than any other president before him, earning him the nickname "The Veto President”

The Democrats

under Andrew Jackson, advocated for a more limited role for the federal government in the lives of Americans, and they were particularly opposed to the idea of a national bank and federal involvement in infrastructure projects.

The Whigs

under Henry Clay, believed in a more active role for the federal government, particularly in the areas of economic development and modernization. They supported the idea of a national bank.

Second Party System

the Whigs and Democratic-Republicans