Geography Exam

Selective logging

Cutting down only certain trees instead of clearing the whole forest to reduce environmental damage.

Clear cutting

Removing all trees in an area at once.

Biomes

Large regions with similar climate, plants, and animals (e.g. desert, rainforest).

Drainage basin

The area of land where all water drains into the same river.

Water cycle

The movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Groundwater

Water stored underground in soil and rock layers.

Plateau

A large area of high, flat land.

Urban

Areas with many people, buildings, and services (cities).

Rural

Areas with few people, often used for farming.

Urban sprawl

The spread of cities into surrounding rural land.

Urbanization

Growth of cities as people move from rural to urban areas.

Latitude

Imaginary lines that measure distance north or south of the Equator.

Longitude

Imaginary lines that measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Map projection

A way to show the round Earth on a flat map, which can cause distortion.

Subsistence farming

Farming that produces just enough food for the farmer’s family.

Extensive agriculture

Farming over large areas with low inputs (labour, fertilizer).

Intensive agriculture

Farming on small areas with high inputs to get high yields.

Aquaculture

Farming of fish and other aquatic organisms.

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

Plants or animals with altered genes to improve traits.

Herbicide

A chemical used to kill weeds.

Pesticide

A chemical used to kill pests that harm crops.

Famine

Extreme shortage of food causing widespread hunger and death.

Natural resources

Materials from Earth that humans use (water, minerals, forests).

Non-renewable resources

Resources that cannot be replaced quickly (oil, coal).

Fossil fuels

Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from ancient plants and animals.

Used for Electricity Generation, Chemicals & Fertilizers, Transportation, Heating

Conventional energy

Traditional energy sources like fossil fuels.

Alternative energy

Energy sources that reduce pollution (solar, wind).

Hydro-electricity

Electricity made from moving water.

Thermal energy

Energy from heat.

Nuclear energy

Energy released from splitting atoms.

Primary industry

Industries that extract raw materials (farming, mining, fishing).

Manufacturing

Making finished products from raw materials.

Minerals

Naturally occurring solid substances found in rocks.

Kimberlite pipe

A volcanic rock formation that can contain diamonds.

CBD (Central Business District)

The commercial center of a city.

Population density

Number of people per square kilometre.

Residential density

Number of houses or people in a residential area.

Trade deficit

When a country imports more than it exports.

Protectionism

Government actions to limit imports and protect local businesses.

Remote

Far from cities and services; hard to access.

Tundra

Cold, permafrost, mosses and lichens.

Boreal Forest (Taiga)

Coniferous trees, long winters (common in Canada).

Grassland

Moderate rainfall, fertile soil, good for farming.

Desert

Very low precipitation, sparse vegetation.

Tropical Rainforest

Hot, wet, very high biodiversity.

List 4 Geography related Job:

• Urban planner: Designs cities and transportation systems.

• Environmental scientist: Studies human impact on ecosystems.

• Geography Teacher: Teaching student about global issues, environment, ….

• Resource manager: Manages forests, water, and minerals sustainably

GHG:

Greenhouse Gas

• Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.

What does Greenhouse Gas caused by

Human sources, activities - Transportation, industry, agriculture, energy production.

GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Reduction strategies

• Renewable energy

• Public transit and cycling

• Energy-efficient buildings

• Reducing waste

Types of Agriculture

• Subsistence farming: Small-scale farming focused on survival rather than profit.

• Extensive agriculture: Large land areas, low labour and fertilizer inputs, common for grains.

• Intensive agriculture: Small land areas, high labour, machinery, fertilizer, and pesticide use.

• Cash crop: Crops grown mainly for sale (wheat, corn, canola, soybeans).

Advantages and Disadvantages of GMO:

• Advantages: Higher yields, reduced crop loss, lower costs.

• Disadvantages: Environmental concerns, biodiversity loss, ethical issues.

Lake Winnipeg

• One of the world’s largest freshwater lakes.

• Supports fishing, tourism, and transportation.

• Major issue: Eutrophication (excess nutrients causing algal blooms).

• Pollution sources: Fertilizer runoff, sewage, industry.

Why is algal bloom bad

They are blooms that release toxins that affect other species, causing illness and some cases - death

Industrial Food Supply

• Highly mechanized farming and processing.

• Relies on fossil fuels, chemicals, and long-distance transport.

• Pros: Cheap food, large supply.

• Cons: Pollution, GHG emissions, loss of small farms.

Seed to Supermarket example and step

• Planting – Potato seeds are planted in the soil.

• Growing – Potatoes grow with water and fertilizer.

• Harvesting – Potatoes are dug up from the fields.

• Processing – Potatoes are washed, sliced, fried

• Packaging – Package it into chip

• Retail – Chips are delivered to stores for people to buy.

Manitoba Agriculture

• Key crops: Wheat, canola, barley, oats.

• Livestock: Beef, dairy, pig, …

• Importance: Jobs, exports, food security.

2 Energy Types

• Conventional energy: Coal, oil, natural gas (non-renewable, polluting).

• Alternative energy: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal (renewable, cleaner).

Energy Consumption

• Includes household use, transportation, and industry.

• Higher consumption often means higher living standards but more pollution.

Energy Reduction Strategies:

• Turning off unused electronics

• Better insulation

• Efficient vehicles

• Renewable energy adoption

Mining Factors

• Resource quantity and quality

• Accessibility

• Transportation routes

• Cost vs profit

• Environmental regulations

• Indigenous land considerations

Types of Mines

• Strip Mining: Located in horizontal layers near the surface.

• Open Pit Mining: Located near the surface but may extend deep down the Earth.

• Underground Mining: Locate deep underground

Lumber Industry

• Provides wood, paper, and building materials.

• Methods: Selective logging and clear cutting.

• Issues: Deforestation, habitat loss, sustainability.

Water Resources

• Sources: Lakes, rivers, groundwater, glaciers.

• Uses: Drinking water, irrigation, industry, hydroelectricity.

• Winnipeg Water Resource: Shoal Lake

Water Issues

• Pollution from industry and agriculture

• Overuse and shortages

• Climate change impacts

• Access inequality

4 Types of Industry

• Primary: Extracts raw materials (mining, farming).

• Secondary: Manufactures goods (factories).

• Tertiary: Provides services (schools, hospitals).

• Quaternary: Research, technology, information services.

Trade affect and important

Trade affects employment, prices, and economic growth. They also contributes to global efficiency

6 Locational Factors for Industry

• Access to raw materials

• Transportation and infrastructure

• Labour cost and skill level

• Energy availability

• Market proximity

• Government policies

Perceived obsolescence

Products go out of style quickly.

Planned obsolescence

Products designed to break or wear out.

Free Trade Agreements

CUSMA/USMCA

• Reduce tariffs and trade barriers.

• Encourage international trade.

• Replace NAFTA in July 1, 2020

Residential Density House Type

• High density: Apartments, condos.

• Low density: Detached homes, suburbs

• Medium density: Townhouse, low rise apartment

Types and Functions of Urban Centres

• Village: Basic services (school, store).

• Town: More services, local industry.

• City: Major services, government, and economy.

5 Urban Land Use

• Residential: Housing

• Commercial: Shops and offices

• Industrial: Factories and warehouses

• Institutional: Schools and hospitals

• Recreational: Parks and sports facilities

Rural, Urban, Remote

• Urban: Dense population, many services.

• Rural: Farming areas, fewer services.

• Remote: Isolated areas with limited access.

Ways Cycling Helps a City

• Lowers air pollution and GHGs

• Improves physical and mental health

• Affordable transportation

• Requires less space than cars

City Smart Growth

• Focuses on compact development.

• Encourages public transit and walkability.

• Protects farmland and green spaces.

Lake Winnipeg Paragraph

Lake Winnipeg is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Canada and is very important to Manitoba for fishing, transportation, tourism, and wildlife.

However, the lake faces serious environmental problems, especially eutrophication. This happens when excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus enter the lake from agricultural runoff, sewage, and industrial waste. These nutrients cause large algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels in the water, harming fish and other aquatic life.

Protecting Lake Winnipeg requires reducing fertilizer use, improving wastewater treatment, and increasing environmental awareness.

Industrial Food Supply Paragraph

The industrial food supply is a system of large-scale food production that uses machinery, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs, and fossil fuels to produce food efficiently and cheaply. Food is grown on large farms, processed in factories, packaged, and transported long distances to supermarkets. While this system provides large amounts of affordable food and supports global populations, it also causes environmental problems such as pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, soil degradation, and loss of small family farms. As a result, many people are now looking for more sustainable food systems.

Widening of Kenaston Paragraph

The widening of Kenaston Boulevard in Winnipeg was designed to reduce traffic congestion and improve vehicle flow in a busy commercial area. In the short term, wider roads can reduce delays and make driving more convenient. However, in the long term, this project may encourage increased car use and urban sprawl, a process known as induced demand. This can lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions, more land being used for roads, and less support for public transit and active transportation, making the city less sustainable.

Portage and Main Open to Pedestrians Paragraph

Opening Portage and Main to pedestrians would improve walkability and accessibility in downtown Winnipeg. Allowing people to cross at street level encourages walking, cycling, and public transit use, which helps reduce traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. It can also increase foot traffic for local businesses and make the area more vibrant and safe. While some drivers worry about traffic delays, many urban planners believe that prioritizing pedestrians creates healthier, more livable cities.