Recombinant DNA, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology

A set of flashcards covering key concepts in Chapter 12 about recombinant DNA, cloning, chimeric genes, and synthetic biology in biochemistry.

What are restriction enzymes and their role in recombinant DNA technology?

Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, enabling the isolation of particular genes and the creation of recombinant DNA molecules by allowing the insertion of new genetic material.

What is the process of ligation in recombinant DNA technology?

Ligation is the process of joining two DNA fragments together using an enzyme called DNA ligase, which creates covalent bonds between the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA strands after restriction digestion.

How do scientists select vectors for cloning genes?

Scientists select vectors based on their ability to replicate independently within the host cell, carry a specific gene of interest, and have selectable markers to identify successful transforms.

What are the common methods of transformation in recombinant DNA technology?

Common transformation methods include heat shock, electroporation, and microinjection, which introduce recombinant plasmids into host cells, facilitating gene expression and propagation.

What is the significance of using antibiotic resistance genes in plasmid vectors?

Antibiotic resistance genes are used as selectable markers in plasmids, allowing scientists to easily identify bacteria that have successfully taken up the plasmid by culturing them in the presence of the corresponding antibiotic.

How does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplify specific DNA sequences?

PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension, allowing for the exponential increase of the target DNA, which can then be used for cloning or analysis.

What techniques are utilized for confirming the identity of cloned genes?

Cloning verification techniques include restriction mapping, sequencing, and hybridization assays, which ensure the cloned gene is correct and intact before further experimentation or application.

What are chimeric genes and their applications in synthetic biology?

Chimeric genes are hybrid genes formed by combining sequences from different sources, allowing for the study of gene function, protein interactions, and the development of novel traits in synthetic biology applications.