Kinesiology Exam 1

The connective tissues that wraps around the whole
muscle, muscle fiber bundles, and individual muscle
fibers, respectively are?

The body contains ______ bones.

206

Bones are classified by their shapes. What are the 5 groups of bones?

 Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid

The very ends of long bone’s epiphyses are covered with ____________

What is the name of the small, nobular bones usually found within tendons of muscles?

The ribs are an example of which type of bone?

The place where two or more bones join together anatomically is referred to as an?

What are the two major forms of joints when classified by structure?

 Diarthrodial & Synarthrodial

The hip joint is an example of which diarthrodial subdivision?

This type of synarthrodial joint contains fibrocartilage

Joint strength is determined by what three factors. Name 2 of them.

Name the two contractile protein filaments

Muscle tissue is categorized into what three types?

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

The muscle doing the most work/generating the most tension is called _______.

Prime mover/agonist

The two primary types of skeletal muscle fibers are?

Fast-twitch and Slow-twitch

________ are considered the functional units of “skeletal muscle”.

Sarcomeres

All three type of levers are found in the body, but most levers are _______ class.

The bicep curl exercise is an example of which lever system?

Second class lever

Dendrites

_______ receive information from surrounding tissue and conduct the nerve impulse to the nerve’s cell body.

The nerve innervating a muscle is referred to as a ______.

What is the name of the connection between the nerve fibers and the muscle fibers?

Nerve impulses “leap” along the myelin sheath (across the _________), allowing the impulses to travel at higher speeds than they would across an unmyelinated axon.

These blood vessels carry blood to the tissues.

Arteries

Name the components of the vascular tree.

What is the purpose of the blood vessels?

Bring nutrients to the muscle tissue and carry away the waste products produced as the muscle tissues expend energy.

The veins contain small valves that permit blood to flow in only one direction. ___________ act as venous pumps that squeeze blood upward past each valve.

What are the three tissue layers of the walls of arteries, veins, and capillaries?

The _______ the ratio of muscle fibers to motor neurons, the greater the precision of movement.

Define a Motor Unit.

The movement of what two ions is primarily responsible for an action potential

Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

Gradations in strength of muscular contractions affected by two factors:

• Number of motor units

• Frequency of stimulation

The release of _________ and its binding to receptors in the motor end plate, triggers an action potential in the muscle cell

Term used to refer to something that is above or higher than another structure

Superior

If a structure is closer to the midline of your body than another structure, the structure is ________.

Medial

In anatomical position, your hand is ______ to your elbow.

Distal

Pronation refers to turning the ________ surface of the hand face down

In the foot, the volar aspect of the foot is also referred to as ________.

The term _______ refers to one plane that divides the body into exactly one half of the body

Cardinal

This plane passes from the front through the back of the body, creating a left and a right side of the body.

The point at the intersection of all three cardinal planes is the body’s ___________.

Center of Gravity

Which plane rotates about a vertical axis?

A lateral raise exercise (Shoulder Abduction) is performed in which plane?

A bicep curl is an example of elbow _____.

Flexion

Define Hyperextension

Joints capable of creating movement in two or three planes are also capable of ___________.

When performing the concentric phase (return to standing) of the squat exercise, your hips and knees perform _______.

Extension

Elbow Extension

Smooth

Walls of veins and arteries, and organs

Cardiac

Heart muscle

Properties of muscle tissues

Extensibility: ability to stretch

Elasticity: ability to return to normal after being stretched

Contractility: ability to shorten and produce tension

Longitudinal muscle

Fibers parallel to long axis of muscle

Ex: Sartorius

Fusiform muscle

Rounded muscle that tapers toward ends

Ex: Brachialis, brachioradialis, biceps brachii

Quadrate muscle

Four-sided, generally flat, and have parallel fibers

Ex: Rhomboid, pronator quadratus

Triangular muscle

Fibers radiate from narrow to broad attachment

Ex: Pectoralis major

Unipenniform muscle

Fibers on one side of tendon

Ex: Extensor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

Bipenniform muscle

Fibers on both sides of tendon

Ex: Flexor hallucis longus, Rectus femoris

Multipenniform muscle

Several tendons with fibers between them

Ex: Deltoid

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

Smaller, lots of blood, more myoglobin

Used in long duration/low intensity activities

Fast-twitch

Larger and less blood

Used in short duration/intense activities where strength and power are important

Forms Z line

Actin anchored to adjacent sarcomeres in series with each other

Sarcomere - from Z line to Z line

I band

Area of myofibril that contains Z line and actin filaments (no myosin)

Shortens in length during contraction

A band

whole length of myosin - overlap with actin filaments

H zone

within the A band where actin and myosin do not overlap

M band or line

connects adjacent myosin filaments with each other

(middle of H zone)

Axial skeleton

Skull, spine, sternum, ribs

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the appendages: humerus, femur, phalanges, scapula, tibia, tarsals, etc.

Articular surface

connects bone to bone

Fossa

smooth, hollow surface

Facet

small, flat, smooth Notch - cut-out to allow passage

Foramen

hole in bone

Process

thinner projection

Condyle

large bony knob

Tubercle/tuberosity

small/medium bump in bone

Ossification (bone production) occurs

in diaphysis & epiphyses

Major growth continues until about, All epiphyses normally fused by

17-19 years of age, 25

The two major forms of articulations:

Diarthrodial: freely movable, possess an articular cavity

Synarthrodial: No separation or articular cavity

Hinge

-Movement in one plane

-Elbow, knee (modified)

Ball and socket

-Shoulder and hip joints

-Permits movements in all planes

Irregular (flat-gliding) (plane)

Intercarpal, intertarsal, articular surfaces of vertebrae

Condyloid

Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal

Movement in two planes

Saddle

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb (between 1st metacarpal/trapezium)

Movement in two planes

Pivot

Atlantoaxial (C1/C2), proximal radio-ulnar

Movement in one plane

Non-axial

carpals/tarsals

Uniaxial

elbow

Biaxial

wrist

Triaxial

shoulder/hip

Sutured

skull (no movement)

Cartilaginous

spinal column (some movement, fibrocartilage)

Ligamentous

forearm/leg and coracoacromial

(tie bones together)

Factors of Joint Stability

◼ Shape of bone structure

◼ Ligaments

◼ Muscle and tendons

◼ Fascia and skin

Joint range of motion is limited by:

-Elasticity of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

-Soft tissue near the joint

-Bone structure

Long bone

Cylindrical shaft, contains a medullary canal

-Humerus, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, phalanges, femur

Short bone

small, chunky, solid

-Carpals and tarsals

Flat bone

protect vital organs

-Sternum, ribs, skull, scapula, pelvis

Irregular bone

-Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ear bones

Sesamoid bone

-Small, nodular, enveloped in tendons (free floating)

-big toe, thumb, knee