BIO 111 Exam 1 flash cards

Which of the following class of biomolecules is NOT considered as a true polymer?

nucleic acids

lipids

protiens

carbs

lipids

Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose?

humans lack the enzyme which recognizes β-1,4-glycosidic linkages

What are the 4 major elements that make up macromolecules?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What do we call a reaction where water is removed ?

Dehydration

The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to the properties of what element?

Carbon

How do you calculate hydrogen ion concentration?

[H⁺]=10^-pH

How do calculate pH from pOH?

pH=14 - pOH

How do you calculate molar concentration aka molarity?

Moles of solute / volume of suction (L)

How much KCl would you need to make a 250 ml of a 1.0 molar solution? KCl has a molecular mass of 74.55 daltons.

18.64

If the H⁺ ion concentration of a household item is 10^-3, what is the concentration (M) of OH^-ions?

10^-11

Ph above 7 means basic or acidic?

basic 

pH below 7 means basic or acidic?

acidic

Which polysaccharide contains nitrogen and is produced by fungi and most arthropods?

Chitin

You are examining the sequence of a polypeptide (protein) and notice that there is a region of the sequence that contains mostly nonpolar amino acids.  As this polypeptide adopts its tertiary structure, where are these amino acids likely to be found?

these residues are hydrophobic and thus should be on the interior away from water

Is non-polar hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

Is polar hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Is water polar or non-polar?

polar

If something has “ose” at the end of word what does that mean ?

It is a sugar

What are the 4 major classes of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What does dehydration do?

removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

What does hydrolysis do?

adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

What are the individual subunits is macromolecules?

monomers 

What is a polymer? 

a bunch of monomers bonded together by covalent bonds

What are the 3 subtypes of carbs ?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What type of carb is also known as simple sugars?

monosaccharides

How many carbons are in Trioses sugars?

3-carbons

How many carbons are in Pentoses sugars?

5-carbons

How many carbons are in Hexoses sugars?

6-carbons

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose all have the same formula, what makes them different?

their structure

What chemical shape are monosaccharides found in?

rings

What are disaccharides?

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

What are polysaccharides?

a long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

What is the function of polysaccharides?

energy storage and provides structure to cellulose and chitin

What is Amylose?

unbranched glucose monomers in a 1-4 glycosidic bonds

What is Amylopectin?

branched glucose monomers in a 1-4 and a 1-6 glycosidic bonds

How can polysaccharides be distinguished?

their linkages

What type of polysaccharide is this ?

Amylose

What type of polysaccharide is this?

Amylopectin

Most organisms cannot digest?

cellulose

Can glycogen be digested by humans ?

yes

What polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in fungal cell walls?

Chitin

On the molecular level what makes Chitin different than the other polysaccharides?

it contains nitrogen

What happens when CO₂ dissolves in the ocean?

from carbonic acid causes ocean to be more acidic

What happens to pH when H⁺ increases?

pH decreases (more acidic)

What type of covalent bonds are in Methane and Ethane ?

single non-polar covalent bonds

What type of covalent bonds are in Ethene?

non polar sigma and pi bonds

What kind of reaction is this?

dehydration

What is a glycosidic bond?

covalent bonds that link carbs (sugars) to another molecule

What property of water is a direct result of hydrogen bonding?

surface tension

What is formula of pH?

-log[H⁺]

What is one mole?

6.02×10²³

What makes a symmetrical molecule?

when there are 4 different things attached to a carbon

What does a catholic enzyme do?

break down substrates

What does an anabolic enzyme do?

build more complex molecules

What are amino acids ?

monomers that make up proteins

is this a polar or non polar amino acid?

non-polar amino acid

is this a polar or non polar amino acid?

polar amino acid

What level of protein structure is this ?

primary

What level of protein structure is this ?

secondary

What level of protein structure is this ?

tertiary

What level of protein structure is this ?

quaternary

In sickle cell disease what level of protein structure is affected?

primary level

Why are unsaturated fats liquid?

Because the double bonds between carbons make it flexible and there are less hydrogens present

Why are saturated fats usually solid?

Because it doesn’t contain any double bonds and has a lot of hydrogens. 

what is hydrogenation?

adds hydrogens to a compound, usually converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats.

what is this?

saturated fat

What is this? 

unsaturated fat (cis)

What is this ?

Trans fat

What is one type of stereo that we covered, it is found in cell membranes ?

cholesterol

What are the nitrogenous bases for purines?

Adenine and Guanine (two pure AGgies)*****

What are the nitrogenous bases for pyramines?

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

are these purines or pyrimidines?

purines

are these purines or pyrimidines?

pyrimidines

are hydrogen binds weak or strong?

weak

What is the function of DNA?

Carries and stores genetic information

What is the function of RNA?

involved in protein synthesis

What is natural science?

The study of the physical world, its phenomena, and processes

What are the two main types of scientific reasoning?

Inductive reasoning (specific → general) and deductive reasoning (general → specific)

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science?

Discovery science is based on observations; hypothesis-driven science tests predictions with experiments.

How is a scientific theory different from a hypothesis?

A theory is broad, well-supported, repeatedly tested, and widely accepted, but still open to revision.

What are the tenets of the cell theory?

1. All organisms are made of cells.

2. Life’s chemical reactions occur in cells.

3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

4. Cells contain hereditary info (DNA).

What is the theory of evolution?

Organisms change over time; Darwin and Wallace proposed natural selection as the mechanism.

What is the biological hierarchy of life?

Atoms → molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms → populations → communities → ecosystems → biosphere.

Describe a prokaryote.

circular DNA, no organelles, small

Describe a Eukaryote.

linear DNA, organelles present, larger

What type of cell is this?

prokaryote

What type of cell is this ?

eukaryote

What is the order of taxonomic ranks?

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.

What the Mnemonic to help remember taxonomic ranks?

King Philip Cried Out For Goodness Sake

What do all forms of life share?

DNA, genetic code, transcription & translation, 20 amino acids in proteins, and ribosomes.

What are subatomic particles and their charges?

Proton (+), neutron (0), electron (–).

What are isotopes?

variants of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

What determines an atom’s chemical behavior?

The number and arrangement of valence electrons

Difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Polar: unequal sharing (H2O). Nonpolar: equal sharing (O2, CH4)

What is an ionic bond?

Attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer.

What are weak bonds, and why are they important?

Hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions; they allow flexibility, reversibility, and stabilize large molecules.

What are the 4 emergent properties of water?

Cohesion/adhesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, solvent versatility.

Why does ice float?

Hydrogen bonds form a crystalline lattice making ice less dense than liquid water.

Do acids decrease or increase H⁺ concentration?

increase

Do bases decrease or increase H⁺ concentration?

decreases