tata SuryaKumpulan dari benda-benda langit dengan matahri sebagai pusat yang dikelilingi oleh planet, meteoroid, asteroid dan komet disebut ... a. luar angkasa b. bintang-bintang c. tata surya d. galaksi Asteroid merupakan salah satu benda langit dalam tata surya yang beredar di antara planet ... a. venus dan bumi b. mars dan yupiter c. bumi dan mars d. yupiter dan saturnus Perhatikan pernyataan berikut ini 1 1. mempunyai cincin indah 2. planet terkecil 3. planet keempat dalam tata surya 4. termasuk planet jovian Ciri-ciri yang dimiliki oleh planet mars ditunjukan oleh nomor ... a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Benda langit yang mengelilingi matahari dengan orbit yang sangat lonjong disebut ... a. planet b. komet c. meteoroid d. asteroid Pernyataan berikut ini yang merupakan ciri-ciri dari venus adalah ... planet terkecil terlihat paling terang daripada planet lainnya mempunyai cincin yang indah temasuk planet jovian Pernyataan berikut ini yang disebabkan oleh rotasi bumi kecuali ... a. bentuk bumi pepat dibagian kutub b. rasi bintang yang berbeda-beda c. terjadinya siang dan malam d. pembelokan arah angin Bumi melakukan gerakan rotasi dan juga revolusi. Arah gerakan tersebut dari ... barat ke timur b. timur ke barat c. selatan ke utara d. utara ke selatan Waktu rotasi dan revolusi bulan sama, hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya ... gerhana bulan permukaan bulan yang telihat dari bumi selalu sama bulan mengelilingi bumi tiap 29 hari terbentuknya kalender komariyah Meteoroid yang memasuki atmosfer bumi tampak bepijar karena ... bertumbukan dengan benda lain b. bergesekan dengan atmosfer bumi c. menyerap panas sinar matahari d. mengeluarkan cahaya sendiri Bulan merupakan satu-satunya satelit bumi. Bulan melakukan tiga gerakan sekaligus yaitu ... a. Rotasi , revolusi ke bumi dan bersama-sam dengan bumi berevolusi ke matahari b. Rotasi, revolusi ke mars, dan bersama-sam dengan bumi berevolusi ke matahari c. revolusi ke mars, revolusi ke bumi dan bersama-sam dengan bumi berevolusi ke matahari d. Rotasi , revolusi ke bumi dan bersama-sam dengan mars berevolusi ke matahari Berikut ini yang termasuk planet terestrial kecuali ... bumi b. mars c. merkurius d. neptunus Planet merupakn benda langit yang tidak dapat memancarkan cahaya sendiri, berikut ini yang termasuk planet jovian kecuali ... jupiter b. venus c. uranus d. saturnur Susunan planet berikut ini dimulai dari yang paling dekat dari matahari sampai yang terjauh yaitu … merkurius, venus, bumi, mars, jupiter, saturnus, uranus, neptunus merkurius, venus, bumi, mars, jupiter, uranus,saturnus, neptunus neptunus, saturnus, uranus, jupiter, mars, bumi, venus, merkurius neptunus, saturnus, uranus, jupiter, bumi, mars, venus, merkurius Bumi tidak seperti bola akan tetapi pepat dikedua kutubnya, hal ini disebabkan oleh ... rotasi bumi b. revolusi bumi c. rotasi bulan d. revolusi bulan 15. Planet yang mendapatkan bintang pagi, bintang kejora atau bintang timur yaitu ... a. venus b. mars c. saturnus d. neptunus 16. Benda langit seperti planet yang berukuran relatif kecil dan beredar diantara orbit mars dan jupiter adalah ... a. asteroid b. meteoroid c. meteorit d. komet 17. Pernyataan berikut yang menunjukan peristiwa terjadinya gerhana matahari total yaitu ... a. bumi memasuki daerah umbra bulan b. bulan memasuki daerah umbra bumi c. bumi terletak diantara bulan dan matahari d. matahari memasuki umbra bulan 18. Planet dalam tata surya beredar mengelilingi matahari dengan orbit tetap karena ... a. gaya gravitasi matahari lebih besar dari gaya gravitasi planet b. gaya gravitasi matahari lebih kecil dari gaya gravitasi planet c. gaya gravitasi matahari sama dari gaya gravitasi planet d. gaya gravitasi matahari tidak lebih besar dari gaya gravitasi planet 19. Pernyataan berikut ini yang disebabkan oleh revolusi bumi kecuali ... a. Pergantian musim b. gerak semu harian matahari c. perubahan rasi bintang d. pananggalan kalender masehi 20. Pengelompokkan berdasarkan ukuran dan komposisi zat pembentuknya dibagi menjadi dua yaitu Planet Inferior dan Superior Planet Dalam dan Luar Planet Inferior dan Luar Planet Terestrial dan Jovian 21.Benda langit yang memasuki atmosfer bumi dan terbakar habis di atomsfer disebut Meteor Meteoroid Meteorit Bintang jatuh Gerakan perputaran bumi terhadap porosnya disebut Rotasi Revolusi Rotasi dan Revolusi Semua benar Gerhana Matahari cincin terjadi saat Bumi yang menutupi Matahari berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bulan Bulan yang menutupi Matahari berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bumi Matahari yang menutupi Bumi berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bulan Matahari yang menutupi Bulan berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bumi Faktor yang menyebabkan planet Merkurisus, Venus, Bumi, dan Mars disebut sebagai planet terestrial adalah... adanya tanda-tanda kehidupan di planet-planet tersebut planet-planet ini tersusun atas bebatuan adanya atmosfer yang melingkupi planet-planet tersebut planet-planet ini berada di dalam wilayah sabuk asteroid Planet-planet yang berukuran besar dan komposisinya penyusunnya dari es dan gas hidrogen disebut kelompok.. planet luar b. planet dalam c. planet terestrial d. planet jovian 26. Perhatikan pernyataan-pernyataan berikut 1. Terkenal dengan cincinnya 2. Dihuni oleh mahluk hidup 3. Mempunyai satu satelit 4. Berwarna kemerah-merahan Pernyataan di atas yang termasuk ciri-ciri planet Bumi adalah... a. 1) dan 2) b. 1) dan 3) c. 2) dan 3) d. 3) dan 4) 27. berikut merupakan lapisan matahari, kecuali … Fotosfer Kromosfer Korona Atmosfer Pehratikan pernyataan mengenai benda langit berikut! Mempunyai ekor yang menjauhi matahari Melakukan 3 gerakan sekaligus Orbitnya ellips dan sangat lonjong Materinya terdiri besi dan nikel Pernyataan yang benar mengenai komet adalah … 1 dan 2 1 dan 3 2 dan 3 2 dan 4 Perhatikan peristiwa berikut! Indonesia memiliki 3 daerah waktu WIB,WITA dan WIT Belahan bumi tertentu mengalami siang dan malam Pergantian musim di belahan bumi utara dan selatan Perbedaan lamanya siang dan malam Peristiwa tersebut yang diakibatkan rotasi bumi ditunjukkan nomor .. 1 dan 2 1 dan 3 2 dan 4 3 dan 4 Perhatikan gambar berikut! Gambar tersebut menunjukkan peristiwa ….

saturated

Earth Science, Space & Chemistry Study Guide Glaciers 1. What are the two main types of glaciers? Mountain (alpine) Continental 2. What shape is a glacier-carved valley? U-shaped 3. What conditions are needed for glaciers to form? Cold summers Heavy snowfall Snow does not fully melt 4. Why are glaciers important? Store freshwater Shape land Affect climate Earth’s Layers & Plate Tectonics 5. What is the thinnest layer of Earth? Crust 6. What are the three main layers of Earth? Crust Mantle Core 7. What is plate tectonics? Earth’s crust is made of moving plates 8. What are the three plate boundaries? Divergent Convergent Transform Memory Trick Divergent = divide Convergent = collide Transform = slide past 9. What causes earthquakes? Movement of tectonic plates 10. What is an aftershock? Smaller earthquake after a major one 11. What is a fault? Crack in Earth where movement happens Rocks, Volcanoes & Erosion 12. Which rock forms when magma or lava cools? Igneous rock 13. What are the three rock types? Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Memory Trick Igneous = fire Sedimentary = layers Metamorphic = changed by heat and pressure 14. What is the difference between magma and lava? Magma = underground Lava = surface 15. What are the three volcano activity levels? Active Dormant Extinct 16. What are the three volcano shapes? Shield Composite Cinder cone 17. What is weathering? Breaking down rock 18. What is erosion? Movement of dirt and rocks by water, wind, ice, or gravity 19. What is mechanical weathering? Physical breaking of rock 20. What is chemical weathering? Rock changes chemically 21. What is terracing? Flat steps cut into hillsides to reduce erosion Caves 22. What is the most common type of cave? Solution cave 23. Difference between stalactites and stalagmites Stalactites hang from the ceiling Stalagmites grow from the floor Memory Trick Stalactites hold “tight” to the ceiling Stalagmites “might” reach the ceiling Important Earth Science Terms 24. What is uniformitarianism? Natural processes today worked the same in the past 25. Difference between soil and dirt Soil has nutrients and supports life 26. What is elevation? Height above sea level 27. How deep have scientists explored into Earth? Only partway through Earth’s crust Atmosphere, Weather & Climate 28. Layers of the atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Memory Trick The Sky Makes Tiny Explosions 29. What causes seasons? Earth’s tilted axis 30. Difference between weather and climate Weather = short-term conditions Climate = long-term average weather 31. What causes tides? Gravity from the moon and sun Fossils & Resources 32. Types of fossils Mold Cast Trace fossils 33. Renewable vs nonrenewable resources Renewable = naturally replaced Nonrenewable = limited supply Space Unit Solar System 34. Planets in order from the Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Memory Trick My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos 35. What is the hottest planet? Venus 36. Largest planet Jupiter 37. Smallest planet Mercury 38. Planet that rotates on its side Uranus 39. Inner planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars 40. Outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 41. Gas giants Jupiter Saturn 42. Ice giants Uranus Neptune 43. Why is Pluto not considered a planet? It has not cleared its orbit 44. What keeps planets in orbit? Gravity 45. Rotation vs revolution Rotation = spinning Revolution = orbiting Space Objects 46. Asteroid Rock in space 47. Meteor Streak of light in atmosphere 48. Meteorite Meteor that hits Earth 49. Comet Ice and dust object with a tail Space Exploration 50. NASA program that put humans on the moon Apollo Program 51. First man on the moon Neil Armstrong 52. Space shuttle that exploded Challenger Sun & Stars 53. Two elements that make up most of the sun Hydrogen Helium 54. What are sunspots? Cooler, darker spots on the sun 55. Surface temperature of the sun About 11,000°F 56. Type of energy from the sun Electromagnetic energy 57. How long sunlight takes to reach Earth About 8 minutes 20 seconds 58. Brightness of a star depends on Distance from Earth Amount of light it gives off 59. Supernova Exploding star 60. Nova Temporary brightening of a star 61. Nebula Cloud of dust and gas in space 62. Plasma Material the sun is made of Moon & Eclipses 63. Solar eclipse Moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth 64. Why the moon has many craters Almost no atmosphere to burn up meteors 65. Why we only see one side of the moon Moon rotates and revolves at the same speed 66. Moon phases to know New Moon Waxing Crescent Full Moon Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Shortcut New → Waxing → Full → Waning Space Vocabulary 67. Milky Way Our galaxy 68. Astronomy Study of space 69. Light-year Distance light travels in one year 70. Constellation Group of stars forming a pattern 71. Most common galaxy shape Elliptical galaxy Chemistry Basics 72. What is an ion? Atom that gains or loses electrons and becomes charged 73. Ionic bond Electrons transferred between atoms Metal + nonmetal 74. Covalent bond Atoms share electrons Nonmetal + nonmetal 75. Metallic bond Metals bonded with freely moving electrons Metal + metal 76. Valence electrons Electrons in the outer energy level 77. Atomic number Number of protons 78. Exothermic reaction Reaction that releases energy 79. What metals usually do with electrons Lose electrons easily 80. Sulfur’s atomic number 16 81. Carbon valence electrons 4 82. Protons in arsenic 33 Parts of an Atom 83. Proton Positive charge 84. Neutron Neutral charge 85. Electron Negative charge 86. Where particles are found Protons & neutrons = nucleus Electrons = electron cloud Periodic Table 87. Groups/Families Vertical columns Same valence electrons 88. Periods Horizontal rows Same number of energy levels Metals 89. Six characteristics of metals Shiny/lustrous Solid at room temperature Malleable Ductile Conduct heat/electricity Reactive Noble Gases 90. Why are noble gases nonreactive? Full valence electron shell Other Chemistry Terms 91. Electronegativity Ability of an atom to attract electrons 92. Free electron model Electrons move freely through metals 93. First law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed 94. Reactants Starting substances in a reaction 95. Products New substances formed Acids & Bases 96. pH scale 0–6 = acidic 7 = neutral 8–14 = basic Nutrition 97. Three macronutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Examples Carbs = bread/pasta Fats = avocado/nuts Proteins = meat/beans 98

Sakura no Yume - Plan de Negocios

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Forensic Anthropology: Age, Stature, and Humanitarian Investigations

THIS IS THE WINNINGEST STUDY GUIDE THE WORLD HAS EVER SEEN, AN ARTIFACT THAT HAS BEEN LOST FOR EONS BECAUSE OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE REACTOR BEAM COMING FROM THE SATURNAL SPACE CIVILIZATION THAT COULD POSSIBLY RUIN THE CHEESBURGER DOG THAT IS ACTUALLY A WEINER DOG BECAUSE HE IS LONG AND SLINKY LIKE TOY STORY BUT HE IS REAL AND ALIVE BECAUSE HE MUST DESTROY THE EVIL WIZARD THAT CONTROLS THE CHIEFTAIN PHAROAH WARLORD EMPIRE UNLESS THEY DO NOT KNOW ABOUT THE HISTORY THAT HAS BECOME OF THE WORLD WE KNOW TODAY BECAUSE IF YOU LOSE THEN ITS OVER BUT WE ARE GOING TO WIN ALL THE TIME GOGOWIN SPAGHETTI MEATBALL...WOOF WOOF (cheesballs)

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Satmrg - STATEMENTS

MMiPeople Francesco Redi: scientist who tested spontaneous generation with rotting meat and maggot formation with an open container, sealed container, and gauze-covered container, and refuted spontaneous generation Needham: scientist who tested spontaneous generation with boiling chicken broth, sealing the container, and waiting a few days to assess for microbial growth, and supported spontaneous generation Spallanzani: scientist who tested spontaneous generation with further testing, Needham’s experiment, and tested with an open and closed container that was later opened, and refuted spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur: scientist who used swan-neck flasks in his experiment and definitively refuted spontaneous generation Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: scientist who was the first to observe eukaryotic microbes, calling them “wee animalcule” Robert Hooke: coined the term “cell” when looking at cork Matthias Schleiden: observed cells in plant tissue Theodor Schwann: observed cells in animal tissue Rudolf Virchow and Robert Remark: observed cells dividing to make new cells (not mitosis) Hippocrates: suggested disease has natural causes Thucydides: advocated for evidence-based analysis of cause and effect and suggested immunity after observing plague survivors didn't get sick again Marcus Terentius Varro: the first to propose that things we cannot see cause disease Ignaz Semmelweis: physician who observed the spread of disease among patients in different sides of the hospital and instituted hand washing between patients to reduce the spread of disease from patient to patient via healthcare workers Joseph Lister: surgeon who observed post-surgical infection and instituted hand washing and sterilization of medical equipment with 5% phenol solution for less disease Robert Koch: scientist who developed Koch’s postulates to determine the cause of disease and had a rivalry with Louis Pasteur John Snow: questioned the London cholera outbreak and asked questions to the people who had been infected about where they had been and what they had eaten or drank, and noticed that everyone who had cholera used one of two water pumps Classification of microbes What are the 2 domains that are composed of all microbes? Bacteria and Archaea What domain of life is composed only of some microbes? Eukarya What types of microbes do not fit into the domains of life? Viruses and Prions Prions: unicellular organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea with no nucleus and have cell walls Viruses: acellular and domainless (not alive) Eukaryotes: unicellular OR multicellular organisms, in domain Eukarya, have a nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles, and include fungi, algae, protazoa, and helminths How many times bigger are bacteria than viruses? 100x A cell is around how many times bigger than an individual bacteria? 10x Cell structures Know the function, general location, and whether they are shared with eukaryotes (if yes similarities/differences) of the following structures: 1. Nucleoid: contains chromosome(s) and nuclear-associated proteins that are usually haploid and circular near the center of the cell, which hold the DNA genetic information without a membrane Eukaryotes = have a nucleus, are diploid and linear Prokaryotes = have nucleoid, are haploid and circular 2. Ribosomes: work with mRNA protein synthesis, made up of proteins and RNA, found in cytoplasm Eukaryotes: 80S, 60 large, 40 small (18S sequencing) Prokaryotes: 70S, 50 large, 30 small (16S sequencing) 3. Cytoplasm: fluid inner layer 4. Fimbriae: short, bristle-like projections for attachment to surfaces 5. Endospores: not all bacteria have, protect bacteria in a dormant state/ harsh environment, found inside bacteria, sporulation = the process of becoming dormant, germination = process of becoming active 6. Plasma membrane: semipermeable, composed of lipids and proteins, controls transport into and out of cell, most inner layer before cytoplasm (ex: facilitated diffusion, active transport, diffusion, endocytosis (Eukaryotes), sterols (Eukaryotes), and cholesterol (Eukaryotes) Same for Eukaryotes 7. Cell wall: protects against harsh changing environments and osmotic stress, contains peptidoglycan in bacteria, contains Gram + and Gram - Steps of Gram stain: dye with crystal violet, iodine (mordant), alcohol (decolorizer), and safranin red If mycobacteria complete an acid-fast stain Gram + has LTA an TA and one membrane Gram - has LPS and 2 membranes 8. Capsule: protective protein shell, outermost layer 9. Pilus: medium projection, adheres to surfaces, does DNA gene transfer 10. Flagellum: long protein projections made of flagellin for movement (ex: 1= monotrichous, one at each end = amphitrichous, many at one end = lophotrichous, many flagella all over the cell = peritrichous 11. Plasmid: circular, double-stranded DNA not part of the chromosome, and can have 1-100 of the same or different plasmids to help with gene transfer, antibiotic resistance, and virulence factors, found anywhere in the cytoplasm Not part of Eukaryotes 12. Inclusion: not all bacteria have, helps with the storage of nutrients and other materials, has protein shell, and is found in cytoplasm (ex: lipid droplets store fats, volutin stores inorganic phosphates, sulfur inclusions store sulfur, gas bubbles store gas for buoyancy in water, magnetosomes store metals for movement) Not part of Eukaryotes; instead, they have vesicles for storage All cellular microbes have what four (4) components? Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, and DNA What is the only component of all cells that viruses have? Cytoplasm Know/ be able to identify the shapes of bacteria Round shape: coccus Rod shape: bacillus Vibrio: curved rod shape Short rods with combo of coccus and bacillus: coccobacillus Wavy spiral shape: Spirillum Coiled spiral shape: Spirochete Microbial growth Phases of growth Lag Phase: bacteria gear up for replication by increasing cell size, metabolism, and protein synthesis Log Phase: exponential growth phase, where bacteria actively replicate and are most susceptible to antibiotics Stationary Phase: growth curve flatlines bc bacteria are dying at same rate of growth, begin survival mode and sporulation, produce secondary metabolites, and produce virulence factors, and are low on space, nutrients, and oxygen Death Phase: bacteria die at exponential rate, increase amount of toxic waste, release spores, some spontaneously lyse to feed others, and persister cells refuse to die How do microbes replicate? Through binary fission, fragmentation, budding, and sexually What is a biofilm? Communities of bacteria (steps: colonization, attachment, replication, make EPS with antibiotic resistance, EPS kick bacteria out to replicate somewhere else) How does quorum sensing work? Bacteria want to work together, so they secrete autoinducers, and when you activate enough receptors, they activate a response Growth requirements – classifications and adaptations 1. Oxygen requirements Obligate Aerobes: need O2 to survive Obligate Anaerobes: die in presence of O2 Faculative: mostly need O2 but can survive without it Microaerophiles: need O2 for survival but not atmospheric O2 (low levels) Aerotolerant: can survive with or without oxygen Capnophiles: like high CO2 and low O2 2. pH requirements Acidophiles: low pH (2-4), high H+ environments, efflux pumps to remove H+ ions, changes membrane composition to withstand low pH Neutrophiles: neutral pH (7), found within body Alkaliphiles: basic pH (9-10), modified lipid protein structures, modified electron transport system that use Na+ instead of H+, high OH- environment 3. temperature requirements Psychrophiles: like freezing temperatures a below 0-15 degrees, die at or above 20 degrees, found in cold lakes or the ocean floor, have hydrophobic proteins to increase flexibility, have decreased secondary stabilizing bonds Psychrotolerant: cold not ideal but wont kill them, live between 4-25 degrees (fridge temperature) Mesophiles: moderate temperatures, 20-40 degrees, grow in body Thermophiles: hot environments 50-80 degrees, hot springs, geothermal soil Hyperthermophiles: very hot environments 80-110 degrees, found in hydrothermal vents, increased saturation in membranes, increased stabilizing bonds, alter amino acids to prevent denaturation 4. osmolarity requirements Hypertonic: more water out Hypotonic: more water in Isotonic: equal water in and out Halotolerant: dont require salt but can grow in high salt environments Halophiles: love salt, found in ocean and salt lakes, have increased cytoplasmic glycerol, have efflux pumps for salt 5. barometric requirements Barophile: survive high atmospheric environments like the bottom of the ocean (something at top of mountain has low atmospheric pressure) Microbial Metabolism Means of generating energy (do the processes require oxygen?, which gives the most energy?) Glycolysis: does not require O2 bc it can be used during fermentation, used 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP, NET 2 ATP Kreb’s cycle: requires O2; NET after 1 round= 1ATP, 1 NADH, 1FADH2 (x2 for second round) Electron transport: requires O2, biggest payout of ATP with NET 34 ATP Photosynthesis: does not require O2 as it is a waste product, can do oxygenic and anoxygenic Microbial genetics DNA Replication – enzymes and functions DNA gyrase: unwinds DNA (enzyme) Helicase: unzips DNA (enzyme) Single-stranded binding proteins: bind to DNA so doesnt close back up (protein) Single-stranded binding proteins: bind to DNA so doesnt close back up (protein) DNA polymerase III: lay down new DNA nucleotides, synthesizes leading and lagging strands 5’ →3’(enzyme) DNA polymerase I: removes RNA primers (enzyme) DNA Ligase: seals RNA primers (enzyme) Topoisomerase 4: separates 2 circular chromosomes Transcription and translation – enzymes and function 1. RNA polymerase: turns DNA→ mRNA (transcription) 2. Ribosomes: 30S small, 50S large, 70S total 3. tRNA: A,P, and E sites, bacteria links transcription and translation bc no nucleus, has anticodon at opposite long 3’ end, high energy bond, same active translation process as Eukaryotes Be able to do DNA base pairing, transcription, and translation (given codon table) Also know differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic Replication, transcription, and translation Genetic Diversity – how does this work? 1. Transformation: uptake of plasmid into different bacteria and is incorporated into its genetic material 2. Transduction: bacteriophage inserts its plasmid into a bacteria (virus that infects a bacteria) 3. Conjugation: like plasmid transfer (ex: rolling circle replication), “bacterial sex” 4

Vital Signs: Oxygen Saturation, Pulse, and Blood Pressure

Flashcard sutura

stature estimation

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