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Cottage industry

Textiles were the first and main cottage industry

Deists

Established their own religion with “rational” ethics at the core

Salons

Found in Paris and were evening receptions for discussions

Elizabeth 1

Rules England

Defeat of the Spanish Armanda: she presided over the Armandas defeat

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots

Global trading network

Established by the Dutch in the west and East Indies

Francis Bacon

Inductive reasoning

Rene Descartes

Deductive reasoning

Cardinal Richelieu

the architect of French Absolutism

The English Civil War

The New Model Army had victorious force

Atlantic Slave Trade

The voyage across the Atlantic was termed the Middle Passage

Charles II

Became King to restore the English throne marking The Restoration

Mazarin

Defeated the nobles and along with Richelieu consolidated power in the Kings hands at the expense of nobility

Mercantilism

Embraced by Jean Colbert and encouraged colonialism which consisted of furnishing raw materials & the “mother” country produces finished goods

Louis XIV

Known as the “Sun” king

Palace in Versailles

Made errors and mistakes

Mistakes of King Louis XIV

A decline in living standards, increase in mortality rates, termed the misery of the 95%

Revocation of Edict of Nantes

Isaac Newton

Scientific genius

Thought the universe was an open system and his discoveries included optics and physics

The Glorious Revolution

Occurred in England

William III and Mary II are granted the crown by Parliament and they acknowledge the supremacy of Parliament

The Enlightenment

Criticized monarchical/clerical absolutism

John Locke

Believed that at birth the mind is blank-a clean slate or tabula rasa

Voltaire

Often called the “Father of the Enlightenment”

Adam Smith

Studied the doctrine of Laissez-faire (to let do)

His thoughts represent the essence of capitalism

The Seven Years War

Essentially the first “world war” fought in three locations: North America, Europe, & India

It drained the British treasury

Causes of the French Revolution

Practical bankruptcy of the state

Inefficient & unjust tax system

Philosophical ideas about the rights of man

Albert Einstein

Special theory of relativity revolutionized physics

The French Revolution

A 10 yr event, split into three phases: Moderate, Radical, and Conservative

The reigning monarchs consisted of King Louis XVI & Queen Marie Antoinette

It consisted of a Paris mob storming the Bastille prison

Jacobins

During the FR

A group that was more willing to listen to the economic & political demands of the san-culottes

A coup deposes the Girondins factions in the National Convention allowing the Jacobins to gain control of the government

FR Navy defeated at Trafalgar by GB Admiral Nelson

During the French Revolution

Napoleons aim to invade GB was thwarted by this

Napoleon

British Duke of Wellington & Prussian forces defeat Napoleon at Waterloo

Industrial Revolution

Fields to factories refers to the shift from agrarian, manual skill, labor-intensive economy to one now dominated by machine manufacturing

What effect did industrialization have on cities?

It accelerated urbanization

The FR slogan?

Liberty, equality, and fraternity

Karl Marx

Published thr Communist Manifesto

Manifesto called for a working class revolution to overthrow the capitalist system

What did Western technology do for Japan?

a display of Western technology forced Japan to accept a treaty

Franco-Prussian War

French forces decisively defeated

Age of Western Imerialism

By 1914 most of the world was under Western control/influence

Russia was different

They lacked a warm water port (no direct access to the Mediterranean) for trade/ cultural exchange

Boxer Rebellion

Occurred in China and was an anti-Western uprising

Welfare State

A state that takes responsibility for the health/subsistence of its citizens (GB proved to be an example of this)

WW1 - Factors contributing to the outbreak

The European balance of power was upset

Nationalism

Conflict between Austria & Serbia because they both despised each other

WW1 - Triple Entente

Later defined as the “Allies”: consisting of Britain, France, and Russia

WW1 - Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary (aka Austria), Turkey (aka Ottoman Empire)

WW1 - Trench Warfare

Characterized several fronts but especially the crucial “Western Front” of France

WW1 - Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany (DT) pursues a bold policy (saying it will sink all ships in war zone). This U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point of US intervention

Zimmerman Note

A proposition that Mexico should ally with Germany

Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin & the communists take power in Russia

WW1 - Wilson’s error

He failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation

Paris Peace Talks

Included the Big 4: Italy, Great Britain, France, and the United States

Armenian Genocide

In the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police

Soviet

Began as a workers’ and/or soldiers’ council/commune

Vatican City

remains an independent state

Mohandas Gandhi

He opposed British rule

Versailles Settlement

Redrew the European map

Vladimir Lenin

Altered Marxism to Russian conditions

Comrades close to Lenin were Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin

Red Army

Created by Trotsky and compromised of dedicated Bolsheviks

Russian Civil War

“Reds” vs. non-communist “Whites” ultimately Trotskys Red Army won

Joseph Stalin

Known as Man of Steel was the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union

Known for purging party members/Soviet leaders

Great Depression CAUSES

Lack of industrial diversification and an overexpansion of credit

Great Depression RESULTS

Manufactures/merchants reduce prices which resulted in American farmers being hurt significantly by foreclosure & drought

Great Plains

The Great Depression drought affected the Great Plains

Responses to the Depression

FDR pledged a “New Deal”

Fireside Chats

FDR would use radio

Hundred Days

FDR summons Congress into special session

How did the Great Depression effect Japan?

It strengthened their militarist groups

What cured and failed to cure the Great Depression?

The New Deal failed to cure the GD. But heavy defense-related spending connected to WW II did cure it

Fascism

Private property is NOT abolished and the state does not own all property

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria and was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Arts

Italy

Mussolini made Italy the first Fascist State

Enabling Act

Germany passed this act to permit the Chancellor to enact legislation (laws) independently of the Reichstang

Spanish Civil War

A “dress rehearsal” for further conflict

Germany attacks Poland

Called the Blitzkrieg “lighting war”

the Manhattan Project

A top-secret atomic program which consists of many refugee scientists that will assist America with its atomic weapons preparation program

The Phony War

Germany pauses to relocate their forces to the western area

Ardennes Forest

Germany attacks France by cutting through the “impenetrable” Ardennes Forest and their armed forces out-flanked the FR Maginot defense line

Miracle of Dunkirk

Germany had a “panzer pause”

Leningrad

A siege in which many civilians starve

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Within days Germany declares war on the US

US surrenders Philippine Islands

“Bataan Death March”

D-Day

The invasion of Normandy (France) which included Operation Overlord

Fire-bombing of Tokyo

Japanese cities fire-bombed by the US

Battle of Okinawa

A bloody campaign

The Holocaust

A systematic state-sponsored extermination of “undesirables” by the Nazis & collaborators

Nazi policy moved from:

Persecution to ghettoization, to liquidation, to factory like annihilation

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Jews mounted a resistance during this uprising

1945 - 1991

The Cold War (c. Potsdam Conf. 07/45 to Soviet Collapse 12/91)

1947

The US-sponsored Marshall Plan announced (in effect: 1948-1951)

1950 - 1953

The Korean War

1964 - 1975

Main US involvement in Vietnam

1989 - November

The "fall" of the Berlin Wall (originally built in 1961)

Détente

A French word meaning: a relaxation of tensions or strained relations

Domino Theory

- Theory in US foreign policy after WWII, stating that the "fall" of a state to communism would precipitate the fall of governments in neighboring states

- As a row of dominoes: one falls, others fall

Glasnost

Greater openness

Perestroika

Restructuring

SALT

- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

- Agreements between the US and USSR aimed at limiting the production/deployment of nuclear weapons

Watergate

- A building in Washington, DC

- Scene of a bungled bugging attempt during the 1972 election campaign

United Nations (things)

- UN Security Council

- 5 permanent members who possess veto rights

After WWII...

- The "liberating" Soviets (Red Army) supported the establishment of communist regimes

- Eastern Europe was to be a "buffer zone"

Cold War Definition:

A state of existing tension between the Soviet Union & US

Why was it called the "Cold" War

It falls short of a shooting war directly between the USSR and the US