Malignant Tumors

Malignant tumor-macro

malignant tumors-micro

Pathophysiology and Staging of Malignant Tumors

Study Notes on Benign and Malignant Tumors

Cancer: From Normal Cells to Malignant Tumors

Solid Tumor Malignancies

Solid Tumor Malignancies

L2: Solid Tumor Malignancies

Comprehensive Study Notes on Benign and Malignant Liver Tumors

Exhaustive Review of Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors

What is agenesis? Complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop. What is an example of agenesis? Unilateral renal agenesis: one kidney never forms. What is aplasia? Failure of an organ/tissue to grow, causing a rudimentary organ; or failure of tissue renewal. What is an example of aplasia? Aplastic anemia. What is hypoplasia? Failure of an organ/tissue to reach normal size during development. What is an example of hypoplasia? Cerebellar hypoplasia. What is atresia? Congenital absence of an opening or normally patent lumen. What is an example of atresia? Atresia ani, esophageal atresia, or intestinal atresia. What is a hamartoma? Increased amounts of normal tissue in a normal location. What is a choristoma? Normal tissue in an abnormal location. Hamartoma vs choristoma? Hamartoma: normal tissue, normal place, too much. Choristoma: normal tissue, wrong place. What is atrophy? Decreased size of an organ/tissue after it has reached normal size. What does atrophy do to organ function? It diminishes functional capacity. What is involution? Physiologic decrease in size due to decreased cell numbers; a form of orderly atrophy. Give examples of involution. Post-lactational mammary gland, postpartum uterus, and thymus with age. What is hypertrophy? Increased organ/tissue size due to increased cell size. What is an example of hypertrophy? Striated muscle can undergo hypertrophy. Hypertrophy vs hyperplasia? Hypertrophy = bigger cells. Hyperplasia = more cells. What is hyperplasia? Increased organ/tissue size due to an increased number of cells. When can hyperplasia occur? In cell populations capable of mitotic division. Give examples of hyperplasia. Mammary gland/uterus in pregnancy or compensatory renal regeneration. What is metaplasia? Adaptive change from one adult differentiated cell type to another not normally present there. Give an example of epithelial metaplasia. Respiratory epithelium can become squamous epithelium. Give an example of mesenchymal metaplasia. Fibrous connective tissue can become osseous tissue. What is dysplasia? Disorganized growth of cells or tissues. What can acquired proliferative dysplasia involve? Abnormal size, shape, organization, or disorderly maturation. What is the importance of dysplasia? It is often a pre-neoplastic change. What is anaplasia? Poor cellular differentiation with loss of mature-cell characteristics. What changes can occur with anaplasia? Pleomorphism, altered N:C ratio, nucleoli, and high proliferation. What is neoplasia? New growth; an abnormal mass with excessive, uncoordinated growth. What is a benign neoplasm? A neoplasm that is non-threatening or incapable of spread. What is a malignant neoplasm? A neoplasm that is life-threatening or capable of spread. What is the tumor naming convention based on? Biologic behavior and the cell/tissue/organ of origin. How are most benign tumors named? Tissue type + suffix -oma. How are malignant epithelial tumors named? Tissue type + carcinoma. How are malignant mesenchymal tumors named? Tissue type + sarcoma. What is a fibroma? Benign tumor of fibrous tissue. What is a fibrosarcoma? Malignant tumor of fibrous tissue. What is an osteoma? Benign tumor of bone. What is an osteosarcoma? Malignant tumor of bone. What is a chondroma? Benign tumor of cartilage. What is a chondrosarcoma? Malignant tumor of cartilage. What is a lipoma? Benign tumor of adipose tissue. What is a liposarcoma? Malignant tumor of adipose tissue. What is a hemangioma? Benign tumor of blood vessel endothelium. What is a hemangiosarcoma? Malignant tumor of blood vessel endothelium. What is an adenoma? Benign tumor of glandular epithelium. What is an adenocarcinoma? Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium. What is a squamous papilloma? Benign tumor of stratified squamous epithelium. What is a squamous cell carcinoma? Malignant tumor of stratified squamous epithelium. What is the basic morphologic diagnosis format? Organ + tumor name. Give an example of a morphologic diagnosis. Mammary adenoma or splenic hemangiosarcoma. What does multicentric mean? The same tumor type is established at multiple sites. What does disseminated mean? The same tumor type is established at multiple sites. Do tumors get a chronicity term in morphologic diagnosis? No. Tumors are chronic by definition when clinically detectable. What is the typical growth rate of benign tumors? Slow. What is the typical growth rate of malignant tumors? Rapid. How do benign tumors usually grow? Circumscribed and expand/compress surrounding tissue. How do malignant tumors usually grow? Unrestricted; they can expand, compress, and invade. How differentiated are benign tumors? Usually well-differentiated. How differentiated are malignant tumors? Often poorly differentiated or anaplastic. Do benign tumors metastasize? No; metastasis is absent. Is metastasis common in malignant tumors? Yes; metastasis is frequent. Is recurrence common in benign tumors? Rare. Is recurrence common in malignant tumors? Frequent. What is pleomorphism? Variation in cellular and nuclear appearance. What is a typical mitotic index in benign tumors? Low, near normal. What is a typical mitotic index in malignant tumors? High.

Cancer, Tumor Types, and Mechanisms of Tumor Formation

Chapter 20: Cancer

tumors

Tumor Terminology

tumor

Tumor and Neoplasia Notes

Testicular Tumors

Malignant Diseases Of The Jaws